Demographic characteristics and skin cancer risk factors and protective behaviors in the VIRUSCAN study, Tampa, FL, 2014–2017 and the southern U.S. population.
| VIRUSCAN (N = 1,179) | Southern NHIS 2015c (N = 25,149,699) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and skin cancer risk factors | n (%) | n (%) | Pd |
| Age in years | |||
| Mean (SD) | 69.0 (6.3) | 70.2 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 627 (53.2) | 14,073,280 (56.0) | 0.055 |
| Male | 552 (46.8) | 11,076,419 (44.0) | |
| Race | |||
| White | 1,132 (96.1) | 20,421,079 (81.2) | <0.001 |
| Others | 46 (3.9) | 4,728,620 (18.8) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic | 1,115 (94.6) | 22,748,364 (90.5) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 64 (5.4) | 2,401,335 (9.5) | |
| Sunburn in the past 12 months | |||
| No | 1,061 (92.5) | 20,241,154 (86.1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 86 (7.5) | 3,273,041 (13.9) | |
| History of any cancer | |||
| No | 565 (49.1) | 19,269,413 (76.8) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 585 (50.9) | 5,807,869 (23.2) | |
| History of skin cancer at study enrollment | |||
| No known skin cancer | 687 (59.7) | 5,264,232 (90.7) | <0.001 |
| Any type of skin cancer | 463 (40.3) | 536,843 (9.3) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoked | 586 (51.0) | 13,307,427 (53.1) | <0.001e |
| Former smoker | 524 (45.6) | 9,180,053 (36.6) | |
| Current smoker | 38 (3.3) | 2,563,205 (10.2) | |
| Reaction to 1-hour sun exposure | |||
| No change | 48 (4.2) | 3,430,354 (17.9) | <0.001e |
| Tans without sunburn | 234 (20.4) | 4,556,119 (23.8) | |
| Mild sunburn with tana | 488 (42.6) | 4,898,328 (25.6) | |
| Sunburn without blisters | 315 (27.5) | 4,198,736 (21.9) | |
| Blistering sunburn | 60 (5.2) | 2,052,810 (10.7) | |
| Ever used a sun lamp or tanning bed | |||
| No | 905 (78.8) | 1,943,216 (97.2) | <0.001e |
| Yes | 243 (21.2) | 55,992 (2.8) | |
| Sunscreen useb | |||
| Always | 109 (10.5) | 4,295,888 (21.2) | <0.001f |
| Often | 265 (25.5) | 2,155,292 (10.7) | |
| Sometimes | 316 (30.4) | 3,180,984 (15.7) | |
| Rarely | 221 (21.3) | 2,022,689 (10.0) | |
| Never | 127 (12.2) | 8,566,555 (42.4) | |
| Wore a hatb | |||
| Always | 245 (23.6) | 3,617,098 (17.9) | <0.001f |
| Often | 282 (27.1) | 1,974,467 (9.8) | |
| Sometimes | 255 (24.5) | 2,965,504 (14.7) | |
| Rarely | 141 (13.6) | 1,949,292 (9.7) | |
| Never | 116 (11.2) | 9,650,956 (47.9) | |
| Stayed in shadeb | |||
| Always | 109 (10.5) | 4,303,200 (21.3) | <0.001f |
| Often | 464 (44.7) | 6,050,002 (29.9) | |
| Sometimes | 356 (34.3) | 6,119,738 (30.2) | |
| Rarely | 81 (7.8) | 2,011,929 (9.9) | |
| Never | 27 (2.6) | 1,762,869 (8.7) | |
| Wore protective clothesb | Wore long sleeves | Wore long pants | |
| Always | 83 (8.0) | 2,660,356 (13.2) | 5,605,566 (27.8) |
| Often | 248 (23.8) | 1,537,657 (7.6) | 2,545,902 (12.6) |
| Sometimes | 339 (32.6) | 3,404,590 (16.9) | 3,666,794 (18.2) |
| Rarely | 262 (25.2) | 2,506,741 (12.4) | 1,893,874 (9.4) |
| Never | 109 (10.5) | 10,027,229 (49.8) | 6,475,233 (32.1) |
Abbreviations: NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; VIRUSCAN, Viruses in Skin Cancer.
↵aThe corresponding category for the NHIS data is as follows: burn mildly with some or no tanning.
↵bThe sun exposure time frame differed between the VIRUSCAN questionnaire (if outside in sun for 15 minutes or more) and the NHIS questionnaire (if outside in sun for 1 hour or more) for the sun protection variables.
↵cThe NHIS dataset was restricted to adults ages ≥60 years and weighted using the “sample weight” variable.
↵dP values were calculated using χ2 tests without correction for continuity and confirmed by conditional exact tests.
↵eThe following variables were tested using a pooled in symbol test from 5 imputed datasets, including smoke status, reaction to 1 hour sun exposure, and ever use a sun lamp or tanning bed.
↵fThe following variables were tested using the Cochran–Armitage trend test: sunscreen use, wore a hat, and stayed in shade.