Table 1.

Selected characteristics [medians (interquartile range) or percent] for renal cell carcinoma case and control subjects in the CPS-II cohort

	Controls	Cases
Characteristics	(n = 87)	(n = 87)	P^{^a}
Age, y	70.4 (65.7–75.4)	70.8 (66.5–75.4)	Matched
Male (%)	64.4	64.4	Matched
Race
White	97.7	97.7	Matched
BMI^b (kg/m²)	25.1 (22.9–28.1)	26.5 (24.0–28.7)	0.10
Smoking status^b
Never	47.5	35.8	0.31
Former	50.0	61.7
Current	2.5	2.5
History of diabetes^b (%)	10.3	17.2	0.19
History of kidney failure^c (%)	0.0	1.2	1.00
Physical activity^b (MET-h/wk)	14.0 (7.0–24.5)	14.0 (7.0–24.9)	0.89
College graduate^c (%)	47.7	52.9	0.17
Intake/day^b
Total energy (kcal)	1,788 (1,488–2,147)	1,778 (1,437–2,082)	0.88
Dietary vitamin D (IU)	188 (148–283)	179 (128–292)	0.87
Dietary calcium (mg)	730 (583–1,112)	744 (563–1,071)	0.94
Alcohol (drinks)	0.10 (0–0.72)	0.10 (0–0.75)	0.98
Use of dietary supplements^b (%)
Vitamin D	17.7	6.9	0.09
Calcium	38.2	36.1	0.80
Family history of kidney cancer^c	2.3	0.0	0.50
Family history of any other cancer^b	65.5	58.6	0.35

↵^aThe χ² test or Fisher exact test (when cells have expected counts <5) for categorical variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous variables.
↵^bAssessed at the time closest to blood collection.
↵^cAssessed at baseline in 1982.