Table 3.

Multivariate-adjusted^a geometric means of estrogen metabolism measures by category of coffee intake

	Geometric mean by coffee intake
	≤6 cups/wk	1 cup/day	2–3 cups/day	4+ cups/day	P_trend
N	293	73	181	40
Individual and grouped EM (pmol/mg creatinine)
Total EM	195.5	197.0	207.2	222.7	0.08
Parent estrogens	40.5	41.8	41.2	44.4	0.37
Estrone	26.1	28.0	27.6	28.5	0.29
Estradiol	13.5	12.5	13.3	14.7	0.51
Catechols	61.2	62.0	69.4	88.5	0.002
2-catechols	51.9	54.4	59.7	79.0	0.001
2-Hydroxyestrone	45.7	48.4	52.6	69.6	0.001
2-Hydroxyestradiol	5.4	5.3	6.1	8.4	0.001
4-catechols
4-Hydroxyestrone	6.1	5.5	6.1	7.1	0.61
Methylated catechols	11.2	10.2	10.4	10.7	0.49
Methylated 2-catechols	10.8	9.8	10.0	10.4	0.46
2-Methoxyestrone	8.3	7.6	7.8	7.9	0.45
2-Methoxyestradiol	0.71	0.71	0.69	0.73	0.94
2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.3	0.37
Methylated 4-catechols	0.25	0.23	0.25	0.26	0.86
4-Methoxyestrone	0.16	0.14	0.16	0.18	0.47
4-Methoxyestradiol	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.51
2-Hydroxylation pathway	64.3	64.8	70.7	90.5	0.01
4-Hydroxylation pathway	7.0	6.1	7.1	7.8	0.59
16-Hydroxylation pathway	65.8	65.7	65.8	61.6	0.79
16α-Hydroxyestrone	10.7	11.4	11.3	12.6	0.17
Estriol	29.4	27.9	28.3	24.6	0.30
17-Epiestriol	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.9	0.51
16-Ketoestradiol	13.1	14.0	13.7	13.6	0.45
16-Epiestriol	5.6	5.3	6.0	5.9	0.28
Ratios (pmol/pmol)
2-Hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone	4.3	4.1	4.5	5.0	0.32
4-Pathway/2-pathway	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.03
2-Pathway/16-pathway	0.94	1.0	1.1	1.4	0.01
2,4-Pathway/16-pathway	0.10	0.09	0.11	0.12	0.53
2-Catechols/methylated 2-catechols	4.7	5.5	6.0	7.4	<0.0001
4-Catechols/methylated 4-catechols	25.1	23.3	26.2	29.2	0.54
Catechols/methylated catechols	5.4	6.0	6.7	8.1	<0.0001
Parent estrogens/2-, 4-, 16-pathways	0.28	0.28	0.26	0.25	0.10
2-Pathway/parent estrogens	1.5	1.6	1.7	2.0	0.003
4-Pathway/parent estrogens	0.17	0.15	0.17	0.17	0.84
16-Pathway/parent estrogens	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	0.35

↵^aAdjusted for age at urine collection (continuous), BMI at collection (kg/m², continuous), height (continuous), ovulatory cycle (yes/no), first-morning urine (yes/no), quartiles of alcohol intake (nondrinker, ≤1.49, 1.50–4.85, >4.85 g/day), total physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, 27–41.9, ≥42 MET h/week), current tobacco use (yes/no), luteal day (≤5, 6–7, 8–9, ≥10 days to next period), usual menstrual cycle length (<26, 26–31, ≥32 days), menstrual cycle regularity (extremely regular, very regular, regular, usually/always irregular), and age at first birth and parity (nulliparous, age at first birth <25 years/1–2 children, age at first birth 25–29 years/1–2 children, age at first birth ≥30 years/1–2 children, age at first birth <25 years/≥3 children, age at first birth ≥25 years/≥3 children). Numbers do not sum to 603 due to missing values for exposure. Significant P_trend shown in bold.