Factors associated with nonattendance at cervical screening in the past 5 years in women ages 26 to 64 years
| Not screened versus screened in past 5 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not in past 5 years% (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Denominator (unwt, wt)a | |
| All ages | 8.9% (8.0–9.8) | 5,012, 4,731 | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | P < 0.0001 | |||
| 26–29 | 14.9% (12.7–17.4) | 2.28 (1.72–3.00) | 1,121, 547 | |
| 30–39 | 7.1% (5.9–8.7) | 1 (—) | 1,605, 1,312 | |
| 40–49 | 6.2% (4.9–8.0) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 1,107, 1,404 | |
| 50–59 | 9.6% (7.8–11.9) | 1.38 (1.01–1.90) | 826, 1,058 | |
| 60–64 | 13.4% (9.7–18.2) | 2.01 (1.32–3.05) | 353, 411 | |
| Relationship status at interview | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0004 | ||
| Living with a partner | 8.0% (7.0–9.1) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,151, 3,476 |
| In a steady relationship (but not living with a partner) | 8.4% (6.3–11.2) | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 1.04 (0.73–1.46) | 585, 373 |
| Previously in a live-in partnership | 11.5% (9.4–14.0) | 1.50 (1.14–1.96) | 1.43 (1.09–1.87) | 1,015, 717 |
| Not in a steady relationship (never lived with partner) | 18.5% (13.1–25.4) | 2.61 (1.71–3.99) | 2.31 (1.49–3.57) | 234, 145 |
| IMD (quintiles)b | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 1–2 (least deprived) | 6.3% (5.2–7.6) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,885, 1,938 |
| 3 | 8.9% (7.1–11.2) | 1.46 (1.06–2.00) | 1.44 (1.05–1.98) | 1,003, 943 |
| 4–5 (most deprived) | 11.5% (10.1–13.2) | 1.95 (1.52–2.50) | 1.91 (1.48–2.47) | 2,124, 1,850 |
| Academic qualifications | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0001 | ||
| No academic qualifications | 14.1% (11.5–17.1) | 2.04 (1.53–2.73) | 1.95 (1.43–2.66) | 751, 764 |
| Academic qualifications typically gained at age 16 | 8.1% (6.8–9.5) | 1.09 (0.84–1.42) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) | 1,828, 1,730 |
| Studying for/attained further academic qualifications | 7.4% (6.3–8.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,278, 2,102 |
| Housing tenure | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Own outright | 9.6% (7.7–12.0) | 1.77 (1.28–2.46) | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | 868, 1,034 |
| Buying with a mortgage or loanc | 5.7% (4.7–6.9) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,092, 2,118 |
| Rent it | 12.6% (11.0–14.3) | 2.40 (1.86–3.08) | 2.14 (1.65–2.78) | 1,967, 1,505 |
| Lives rent free | 17.3% (9.4–29.8) | 3.49 (1.70–7.19) | 2.88 (1.44–5.77) | 71, 59 |
| Respondent's NS-SEC | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Managerial & professional occupations | 6.4% (5.3–7.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,868, 1,810 |
| Intermediate occupations | 7.0% (5.5–8.8) | 1.10 (0.80–1.53) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 1,160, 1,081 |
| Semiroutine/routine occupations | 11.8% (10.0–13.9) | 1.96 (1.49–2.59) | 1.88 (1.42–2.49) | 1,361, 1,249 |
| No job (10+ hours/week) or not in last 10 years | 14.8% (11.4–18.9) | 2.54 (1.77–3.65) | 2.40 (1.66–3.47) | 475, 474 |
| Student in full-time education | 9.5% (5.1–17.1) | 1.55 (0.77–3.11) | 1.32 (0.67–2.62) | 124, 95 |
| Ethnic group | P = 0.0066 | P = 0.0052 | ||
| White | 8.3% (7.4–9.2) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 4,415, 4,155 |
| Mixed | 11.7% (5.7–22.4) | 1.46 (0.68–3.17) | 1.49 (0.68–3.25) | 89, 72 |
| Asian/Asian British | 15.1% (10.9–20.6) | 1.97 (1.32–2.93) | 1.96 (1.32–2.90) | 254, 256 |
| Black/Black British | 11.8% (6.8–19.6) | 1.48 (0.81–2.71) | 1.62 (0.88–2.97) | 174, 176 |
| Other | 12.5% (6.5–22.7) | 1.58 (0.78–3.24) | 1.52 (0.73–3.16) | 69, 63 |
| Religion | P = 0.0076 | P = 0.0049 | ||
| None | 9.4% (8.2–10.9) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,330, 2,052 |
| Christian—Church of England/Anglican | 6.3% (4.8–8.4) | 0.65 (0.46–0.92) | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) | 832, 906 |
| Christian—Roman Catholic | 7.9% (5.9–10.6) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 582, 558 |
| Christian—other | 9.2% (7.2–11.7) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 930, 903 |
| Muslim | 13.9% (8.8–21.1) | 1.55 (0.91–2.63) | 1.50 (0.88–2.56) | 160, 152 |
| Hindu | 19.6% (11.2–32.1) | 2.34 (1.20–4.57) | 2.21 (1.13–4.32) | 68, 57 |
| Other | 8.6% (3.8–18.5) | 0.91 (0.38–2.18) | 0.91 (0.40–2.08) | 102, 94 |
| Sexual identity | P = 0.0271 | P = 0.0234 | ||
| Heterosexual/straight | 8.7% (7.9–9.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 4,849, 4,599 |
| Gay/lesbian | 20.9% (11.1–35.7) | 2.76 (1.31–5.78) | 2.94 (1.36–6.38) | 63, 56 |
| Bisexual | 8.3% (3.9–16.5) | 0.94 (0.43–2.05) | 0.93 (0.44–1.98) | 75, 53 |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Smoking status | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Non/ex-smoker | 7.5% (6.6–8.5) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,700, 3,646 |
| Current smoker | 13.5% (11.5–15.7) | 1.92 (1.54–2.40) | 1.97 (1.57–2.47) | 1,312, 1,085 |
| Frequency of binge drinkingd | P = 0.0277 | P = 0.0473 | ||
| Never/less than monthly | 9.5% (8.5–10.6) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,769, 3,636 |
| Monthly | 6.7% (5.0–9.0) | 0.69 (0.49–0.96) | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | 664, 568 |
| Weekly or more often | 7.1% (5.3–9.4) | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) | 0.77 (0.55–1.09) | 578, 527 |
| Sexual behaviors | ||||
| Age at first heterosexual sex (years) | P = 0.3000 | P = 0.5485 | ||
| 18+ | 9.7% (8.3–11.2) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,971, 2,033 |
| 16/17 | 8.2% (6.9–9.7) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 1,943, 1,825 |
| <16 | 8.4% (6.7–10.5) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 1,040, 812 |
| Number of sexual partners, lifetimee | P = 0.0612 | P = 0.2391 | ||
| 1 | 11.4% (9.3–13.9) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 832, 923 |
| 2 | 9.4% (7.0–12.4) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.81 (0.55–1.21) | 468, 478 |
| 3–4 | 8.5% (6.8–10.6) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 920, 890 |
| 5–9 | 8.0% (6.5–9.9) | 0.68 (0.49–0.94) | 0.74 (0.54–1.03) | 1,338, 1,246 |
| 10+ | 7.5% (6.0–9.3) | 0.63 (0.45–0.87) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 1,367, 1,105 |
| Number of sexual partners, past 5 yearse | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 19.3% (15.0–24.5) | 2.72 (1.94–3.82) | 2.45 (1.67–3.61) | 358, 342 |
| 1 | 8.1% (7.1–9.2) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,133, 3,311 |
| 2 | 8.2% (6.1–10.9) | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | 625, 471 |
| 3–4 | 7.1% (5.1–9.8) | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.73 (0.50–1.05) | 489, 328 |
| 5+ | 8.2% (5.6–12.0) | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 349, 216 |
| Number of sexual partners without a condom, past yeare | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 14.1% (12.0–16.6) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,263, 1,136 |
| 1 | 7.1% (6.2–8.1) | 0.46 (0.37–0.59) | 0.48 (0.38–0.62) | 3,420, 3,358 |
| 2+ | 8.2% (5.0–12.9) | 0.54 (0.31–0.93) | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) | 259, 163 |
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Used hormonal contraceptionf, past year | P = 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 9.8% (8.7–10.9) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,369, 3,489 |
| Yes | 6.3% (5.1–7.6) | 0.62 (0.48–0.79) | 0.53 (0.41–0.69) | 1,573, 1,168 |
| Ever attended a sexual health (GUM) clinic | P = 0.0002 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 9.7% (8.7–10.8) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 3,611, 3,636 |
| Yes | 6.0% (4.8–7.5) | 0.60 (0.46–0.78) | 0.53 (0.40–0.69) | 1,353, 1,041 |
| Ever diagnosed with a STIg | P = 0.0004 | P = 0.0002 | ||
| No (or only thrush) | 9.5% (8.6–10.6) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 4,080, 3,958 |
| Yes (excluding thrush) | 5.1% (3.7–7.1) | 0.51 (0.35–0.74) | 0.49 (0.33–0.71) | 882, 717 |
| STI risk: to self | P = 0.0377 | P = 0.0200 | ||
| Greatly at risk/quite a lot | 5.5% (2.9–10.0) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 130, 97 |
| Not very much | 7.1% (5.6–9.1) | 1.33 (0.65–2.71) | 1.34 (0.67–2.67) | 903, 715 |
| Not at all at risk | 9.3% (8.3–10.3) | 1.78 (0.92–3.44) | 1.83 (0.97–3.48) | 3958, 3900 |
| All women ages 26 to 44 who have not had a hysterectomy and who provided a urine sample | 10.6% (8.7–12.8) | 1,474, 1,512h | ||
| 1+ high-risk HPV type(s) | P = 0.2062 | P = 0.2775 | ||
| Negative | 10.1% (8.1–12.5) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,243, 1,329 |
| Positive | 13.7% (9.0–20.5) | 1.42 (0.83–2.44) | 1.35 (0.79–2.31) | 231, 184 |
↵aParticipants who have not had a hysterectomy and who reported at least 1 lifetime sexual partner (unweighted, weighted).
↵bIMD is a multidimensional measure of area (neighborhood)-level deprivation based on the participant's postcode. IMD scores for England, Scotland, and Wales were adjusted before being combined and assigned to quintiles, using a method by Payne and Abel (20).
↵cIncludes 46 women paying part mortgage and part rent (shared ownership).
↵dBinge drinking defined as having six units on one occasion.
↵eIncludes both opposite-sex and same-sex partners.
↵fDefined as having used the oral contraceptive pill, hormonal IUD, injections, or implants.
↵gDefined as having been diagnosed with one of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomonas, nonspecific urethritis/non-gonococcal urethritis.
↵hParticipants ages 26 to 44 years who have not had a hysterectomy, who reported at least 1 lifetime sexual partner and who provided a urine sample.