Factors associated with high-risk HPV in urine in sexually experienced women ages 16 to 44 years
| % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Denominator (unwt, wt)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 15.9% (14.4–17.5) | — | 2,569, 2,189 | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | P < 0.0001 | |||
| 16–19 | 24.4% (20.0–29.3) | 1 (—) | 377, 203 | |
| 20–24 | 26.6% (22.8–30.8) | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 580, 370 | |
| 25–34 | 15.6% (13.4–18.2) | 0.58 (0.42–0.79) | 1,108, 779 | |
| 35–44 | 9.3% (7.1–12.2) | 0.32 (0.22–0.47) | 504, 837 | |
| Relationship status at interview | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Living with a partner | 11.2% (9.5–13.1) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,256, 1,357 |
| In a steady relationship (but not living with a partner) | 26.0% (22.2–30.1) | 2.79 (2.13–3.66) | 1.95 (1.44–2.65) | 602, 360 |
| Previously in a live-in partnership | 19.9% (15.3–25.4) | 1.97 (1.37–2.84) | 1.92 (1.34–2.76) | 353, 240 |
| Not in a steady relationship (never lived with partner) | 23.9% (18.8–29.8) | 2.49 (1.76–3.54) | 1.65 (1.13–2.42) | 355, 229 |
| IMD (quintiles)b | P = 0.0238 | P = 0.0578 | ||
| 1–2 (least deprived) | 13.5% (11.2–16.1) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 873, 778 |
| 3 | 15.0% (11.8–18.7) | 1.13 (0.80–1.58) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 502, 439 |
| 4–5 (most deprived) | 18.3% (15.9–20.9) | 1.43 (1.10–1.87) | 1.37 (1.05–1.80) | 1,194, 973 |
| Academic qualificationsc | P = 0.6717 | P = 0.1250 | ||
| No academic qualifications | 15.1% (10.5–21.4) | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) | 215, 191 |
| Academic qualifications typically gained at age 16 | 16.7% (14.1–19.6) | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 1.3 (1.01–1.68) | 877, 748 |
| Studying for/attained further academic qualifications | 15.2% (13.3–17.4) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,348, 1,157 |
| Housing tenure | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0011 | ||
| Own outright | 14.3% (10.0–19.9) | 1.38 (0.88–2.16) | 1.15 (0.72–1.81) | 218, 201 |
| Buying with a mortgage or loand | 10.8% (8.9–13.0) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 911, 912 |
| Rent it | 20.5% (18.0–23.1) | 2.13 (1.64–2.78) | 1.71 (1.30–2.26) | 1,325, 996 |
| Lives rent free | 24.1% (16.6–33.8) | 2.64 (1.59–4.38) | 1.53 (0.91–2.56) | 106, 74 |
| Respondent's NS-SEC | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0009 | ||
| Managerial and professional occupations | 10.3% (8.3–12.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 709, 714 |
| Intermediate occupations | 16.6% (13.0–21.1) | 1.74 (1.21–2.52) | 1.60 (1.11–2.30) | 464, 423 |
| Semiroutine/routine occupations | 18.5% (15.6–21.7) | 1.98 (1.45–2.69) | 1.57 (1.14–2.17) | 780, 617 |
| No job (10+ hours/week) or not in last 10 years | 22.5% (16.6–29.8) | 2.53 (1.62–3.96) | 2.08 (1.31–3.31) | 210, 173 |
| Student in full-time education | 19.8% (15.8–24.6) | 2.16 (1.50–3.11) | 1.01 (0.66–1.55) | 398, 256 |
| Ethnic groupe | P = 0.0061 | P = 0.0150 | ||
| White | 16.2% (14.6–18.0) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,312, 1,914 |
| Mixed | 29.7% (19.4–42.7) | 2.18 (1.24–3.85) | 2.00 (1.09–3.67) | 74, 58 |
| Asian/Asian British | 7.0% (2.9–15.5) | 0.39 (0.16–0.95) | 0.40 (0.17–0.97) | 82, 114 |
| Black/Black British | 12.6% (6.8–22.0) | 0.74 (0.38–1.46) | 0.69 (0.36–1.32) | 77, 77 |
| Religion | P = 0.0286 | P = 0.2671 | ||
| None | 17.7% (15.7–20.0) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,509, 1,189 |
| Christian—Church of England/Anglican | 9.8% (6.2–15.2) | 0.51 (0.30–0.85) | 0.70 (0.42–1.19) | 220, 235 |
| Christian—Roman Catholic | 14.2% (10.3–19.3) | 0.77 (0.52–1.14) | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) | 261, 226 |
| Christian—other | 17.0% (13.4–21.5) | 0.96 (0.69–1.32) | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | 457, 396 |
| Non-Christian | 10.4% (5.9–17.7) | 0.54 (0.29–1.01) | 0.57 (0.31–1.05) | 122, 142 |
| Sexual identity | P = 0.2447 | P = 0.1893 | ||
| Heterosexual/straight | 16.1% (14.5–17.8) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,457, 2,108 |
| Gay/lesbian/bisexual | 11.4% (6.1–20.1) | 0.67 (0.34–1.32) | 0.62 (0.31–1.26) | 107, 79 |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Smoking status | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Non/ex-smoker | 12.9% (11.4–14.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,702, 1,568 |
| Current smoker | 23.4% (20.1–26.9) | 2.05 (1.61–2.60) | 1.91 (1.49–2.43) | 867, 622 |
| Frequency of binge drinkingf | P = 0.0001 | P = 0.0011 | ||
| Never/less than monthly | 13.9% (12.2–15.7) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,730, 1,573 |
| Monthly | 19.1% (15.6–23.2) | 1.47 (1.10–1.96) | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 484, 355 |
| Weekly or more often | 23.8% (19.1–29.3) | 1.94 (1.42–2.66) | 1.80 (1.31–2.47) | 355, 261 |
| Sexual behaviors | ||||
| Age at first heterosexual sex (years) | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0059 | ||
| 18+ | 11.0% (8.5–14.0) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 577, 642 |
| 17 | 12.9% (9.8–16.7) | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 1.18 (0.78–1.80) | 432, 419 |
| 16 | 20.5% (17.2–24.3) | 2.10 (1.48–2.97) | 1.78 (1.24–2.56) | 659, 517 |
| <16 | 20.2% (17.4–23.4) | 2.06 (1.47–2.89) | 1.65 (1.17–2.34) | 859, 577 |
| Number of sexual partners, lifetimeg | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 1 | 4.2% (2.4–7.2) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 342, 361 |
| 2 | 11.3% (7.5–16.5) | 2.89 (1.40–5.96) | 2.74 (1.32–5.69) | 234, 213 |
| 3–4 | 13.7% (10.6–17.5) | 3.60 (1.91–6.81) | 3.71 (1.97–7.01) | 441, 388 |
| 5–9 | 17.2% (14.3–20.6) | 4.74 (2.55–8.79) | 5.67 (3.07–10.46) | 709, 593 |
| 10+ | 24.0% (20.9–27.4) | 7.19 (3.94–13.10) | 9.35 (5.14–17.02) | 822, 614 |
| Number of sexual partners, past 5 yearsg | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 0/1 | 7.1% (5.7–8.9) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,162, 1,258 |
| 2 | 21.9% (17.5–26.9) | 3.64 (2.52–5.25) | 3.34 (2.29–4.86) | 425, 316 |
| 3–4 | 23.0% (19.0–27.4) | 3.88 (2.77–5.42) | 3.43 (2.45–4.79) | 424, 290 |
| 5+ | 37.5% (32.7–42.7) | 7.82 (5.63–10.86) | 6.62 (4.68–9.38) | 544, 313 |
| Number of sexual partners without a condom, past yearg | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| 0 | 11.3% (8.5–14.8) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 449, 405 |
| 1 | 14.0% (12.3–15.9) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 1,741, 1,566 |
| 2+ | 40.1% (33.9–46.5) | 5.27 (3.49–7.95) | 4.35 (2.87–6.60) | 347, 193 |
| Sexual health and services | ||||
| Used hormonal contraceptionh, past year | P = 0.0001 | P = 0.1711 | ||
| No | 13.1% (11.1–15.5) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,172, 1,137 |
| Yes | 19.7% (17.5–22.1) | 1.63 (1.28–2.07) | 1.20 (0.92–1.55) | 982, 1,388 |
| Attended a sexual health (GUM) clinic, past 5 years | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 11.7% (10.2–13.4) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 1,779, 1,686 |
| Yes | 30.4% (26.8–34.2) | 3.29 (2.62–4.14) | 2.54 (2.00–3.23) | 765, 484 |
| STI diagnosisi, past 5 years | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 14.7% (13.2–16.4) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,316, 2,038 |
| Yes | 35.3% (29.2–41.9) | 3.16 (2.33–4.28) | 2.36 (1.76–3.16) | 237, 134 |
| Genital warts diagnosis, ever | P = 0.2095 | P = 0.0891 | ||
| No | 15.8% (14.3–17.5) | 1 (—) | 1 (—) | 2,436, 2,085 |
| Yes | 20.2% (13.9–28.3) | 1.35 (0.85–2.14) | 1.47 (0.94–2.30) | 117, 86 |
↵aParticipants who reported at least one lifetime sexual partner, with urine test results [unweighted (unwt), weighted (wt)].
↵bIMD is a multidimensional measure of area (neighborhood)-level deprivation based on the participant's postcode. IMD scores for England, Scotland, and Wales were adjusted before being combined and assigned to quintiles, using a method by Payne and Abel (20).
↵cParticipants aged ≥17 years.
↵dIncludes 29 women paying part mortgage and part rent (shared ownership).
↵eThose of Chinese/other ethnicity are excluded from the denominator due to small numbers.
↵fBinge drinking defined as having six units on one occasion.
↵gIncludes both opposite-sex and same-sex partners.
↵hDefined as having used the oral contraceptive pill, hormonal IUD, injections, or implants.
↵iDefined as having been diagnosed with one of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomonas, nonspecific urethritis/non-gonococcal urethritis.