Biomarker concentrations by sampling times, adjusted for covariates, for all subjects (n = 55), “noncigarette smokers” (n = 47), and “suspected cigarette smokers” (n = 8)
| Sampling time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Preexposure | Postexposure | Post- to preexposure ratio | P-value |
| Cotinine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 14.4 (9.70–21.3) | 59.3 (40.0–87.7) | 4.13 (2.93–5.81) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 11.8 (7.21–19.2) | 55.3 (33.9–90.1) | 4.70 (3.23–6.83) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 55.7 (27.8–111) | 107 (53.6–215) | 1.93 (1.04–3.56) | 0.04 |
| Nicotine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 3.12 (1.74–5.60) | 227 (126–407) | 72.9 (37.8–140) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 2.59 (1.32–5.12) | 262 (132–516) | 101 (52.8–193) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 14.8 (4.01–54.4) | 158 (42.9–581) | 10.7 (1.03–111) | 0.047 |
| NNAL (pg/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 1.32 (0.83–2.11) | 2.84 (1.79–4.51) | 2.14 (1.44–3.20) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 1.24 (0.758–2.03) | 2.87 (1.76–4.69) | 2.32 (1.55–3.46) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 3.23 (0.879–11.9) | 4.38 (1.19–16.1) | 1.36 (0.28–6.67) | 0.85 |
| 2-OH-propyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 38.5 (22.9–64.8) | 49.1 (29.2–82.5) | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 0.10 |
| Non-CS | 52.0 (27.0–100) | 66.9 (34.8–128) | 1.29 (0.92–1.80) | 0.14 |
| Suspected CS | 33.6 (19.0–59.0) | 40.2 (22.7–71.3) | 1.20 (0.76–1.87) | 0.38 |
| 3-OH–propyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 309 (203–471) | 437 (287–666) | 1.41 (1.21–1.65) | <.001 |
| Non-CS | 281 (169.7–466) | 398 (240–661) | 1.42 (1.19–1.68) | <.001 |
| Suspected CS | 390.0 (173–878) | 543 (241–1,223) | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | 0.12 |
| 2-Carbamoylethyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 89.3 (66.5–120) | 101 (75.6–136) | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.01 |
| Non-CS | 93.5 (66.2–132) | 107 (76.3–152) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 0.01 |
| Suspected CS | 133 (67.9–261) | 140 (71.4–275) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 0.59 |
| Cyanoethyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 5.68 (3.14–10.3) | 9.69 (5.36–17.5) | 1.71 (1.43–2.04) | <.001 |
| Non-CS | 5.22 (2.55–10.7) | 9.30 (4.54–19.1) | 1.78 (1.46–2.18) | <.001 |
| Suspected CS | 17.5 (3.01–102.1) | 23.1 (3.97–134) | 1.32 (0.84–2.08) | 0.19 |
| 2-Hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl (or MHBMA) (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 0.18 (0.11–0.28) | 0.25 (0.16–0.40) | 1.42 (1.08–1.85) | 0.01 |
| Non-CS | 0.15 (0.10–0.24) | 0.21 (0.13–0.32) | 1.35 (1.03–1.77) | 0.03 |
| Suspected CS | 0.17 (0.06–0.51) | 0.33 (0.11–0.96) | 1.89 (0.61–5.87) | 0.22 |
| OH-ethyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 2.98 (2.31–3.85) | 3.68 (2.85–4.75) | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | <.001 |
| Non-CS | 3.03 (2.22–4.15) | 3.75 (2.74–5.13) | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 0.002 |
| Suspected CS | 3.65 (2.53–5.26) | 4.45 (3.09–6.42) | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | 0.192 |
| Phenyl (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) | 0.34 (0.22–0.53) | 1.91 (1.48–2.47) | <.001 |
| Non-CS | 0.19 (0.11–0.31) | 0.35 (0.21–0.58) | 1.87 (1.40–2.49) | <.001 |
| Suspected CS | 0.25 (0.08–0.79) | 0.54 (0.17–1.74) | 2.21 (1.15–4.24) | 0.02 |
| Sampling time | ||||
| Biomarker | Preexposure | Next day | Next day topreexposure ratio | P-value |
| Cotinine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 14.4 (9.70–21.3) | 45.9 (31.0–67.9) | 3.20 (2.27–4.50) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 11.8 (7.21–19.2) | 45.2 (27.7–73.7) | 3.84 (2.64–5.59) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 55.7 (27.8–111.7) | 60.2 (30.0–120.6) | 1.08 (0.58–2.00) | 0.76 |
| Nicotine (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 3.12 (1.74–5.60) | 32.3 (18.0–58.0) | 10.4 (5.37–20.0) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 2.59 (1.32–5.12) | 38.1 (19.3–75.1) | 14.7 (7.68–28.1) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 14.8 (4.01–54.4) | 19.8 (5.37–72.7) | 1.34 (0.13–13.9) | 0.93 |
| NNAL (pg/mg creatinine) | ||||
| All subjects | 1.32 (0.83–2.11) | 2.88 (1.81–4.59) | 2.18 (1.46–3.25) | <0.001 |
| Non-CS | 1.24 (0.76–2.03) | 2.96 (1.81–4.84) | 2.39 (1.60–3.57) | <0.001 |
| Suspected CS | 3.23 (0.88–11.9) | 4.08 (1.11–15.0) | 1.26 (0.26–6.21) | 0.91 |
NOTES: Smoking status determined by urine cotinine cut-point of 30 ng/mL; non-CS, noncigarette smoker; suspected CS, suspected cigarette smoker; adjusted for covariates: sex, age, BMI, hookah use category, prior SHS (yes/no), marijuana use (yes/no), time spent smoking hookah, average bowls, and bar SHS (yes/no); NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; VOC mercapturic acid metabolites and parent compounds: 2-hydroxypropyl (propylene oxide), 3-hydroxypropyl (acrolein), 2-carbamoylethyl (acrylamide), cyanoethyl (acrylonitrile), 2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl or isomer(s) [abbrev. MHBMA] (1,3-butadiene), 2-hydroxyethyl (ethylene oxide), and phenyl (benzene).