Characteristics of included studies
| Reference | Study design, N | Study region | Mean age (SD) | Physical activity domain | Assessment of physical activity | Timing in life of physical activity | Definition of highest/lowest activity level | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brownson and colleagues, 1991 (28) | Case–control in men 536 non-Hodgkin lymphoma 16,611 controls (other cancer type). | US (Missouri) | 20 years or older at time of diagnosis (mean age not reported) | Occupational | Recorded by hospital registrars using a standardized protocol. The classification scheme of Garabrant and colleagues (50) with modifications from Missouri work requirements (49) was used to categorize occupations according to the level of physical activity | At the time of diagnosis | Physical activity required > 80% of the time versus < 20% of the time | Age, smoking |
| Zahm and colleagues, 1999 (30) | Case—control 1,177 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (993 M) 3,625 controls (2,918 M) | US (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota and Nebraska) | 20–75+ | Occupational | Interview. Occupational job titles were coded with the 1977 Standard Occupational Classification system (51) and the 1977 Dictionary of Occupational Titles (52) | Usual occupation | Energy expenditure > 12 kJ/min versus < 8 kJ/min for men and > 8 kJ/min versus < 5 kJ/min for women | Age, state of residence |
| Cerhan and colleagues, 2005 (31) | Case—control 1,321 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (571 M) 1,057 controls (550 M) | US (Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles and Seattle) | 58.1 (range 20–74) | Recreational | Four self-administered questions, including one on household activity, one on moderate physical activity and one on vigorous physical activity | Before one year | > 1,080 Mets/wk versus < 30 Mets/wk | Age, gender, race, study center |
| Occupational | Four self-administered questions, including one question on occupational physical activity | Before one year | Time at work characterized by mostly manual labor or exercise versus mostly sit | |||||
| Pan and colleagues, 2005 (32) | Case–control 1,030 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (569 M) 3,106 controls (1,642 M) | Canada | Cases: 58.9 (8.01) Controls: 59.6 (7.91) | Recreational | Self-administered questionnaire about recreational physical activity 2 years before interview, investigator-designed | 2 years before interview | ≥37.4 Met-h/wk versus <6.4 Met-h/wk | Age, province, education, pak-years of smoking, acohol drinking, exposure to some chemicals, occupational exposure, BMI, total calorie intake |
| Keegan and colleagues, 2006 (33) | Case-control in women 312 Hodgkin lymphoma 325 controls | US (Greater Bay Area of northern California) | 15–79 | Recreational | Interview about participating in strenuous physical activity or sports. Questions were taken from an instrument used by the Collega Alumni Health Study (53) | The past year | Strenuous physical activity at least twice a week for ≥1 months: yes versus no | Age, race/ethnicity, education, Jewish bringing-up, single room at age 11, living in a single family home at age 8, number of miscarriages, smoking status 1 year before interview, history of first or second degree relative with lymphoma, having ever nursed children |
| Lim and colleagues, 2007 (29) | Cohort 285,079 M 188,905 F 58 Hodgkin lymphoma, 1,381 non-Hodgkin lymphoma | US (California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Atlanta, Detroit) | 50–71 | Total | Self-administered questionnaire: frequency of activities that lasted at least 20 minutes and caused breathing or heart rate increase or sweating | At time of enrolment | 3–4 times/wk versus < 1/wk | Age, gender, race, education, BMI and caloric intake |
| Lu and colleagues, 2009 (39) | Cohort 121,216 F 574 B-cel non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases | US (California) | range: 19–79 | Recreational | Self-administered questionnaire about strenuous and moderate recreational physical activity, investigator-designed | The past 3 years | ≥4 h/wk/year versus 0–0.5 h/wk/year | Height, weight, age at menarche |
| Van Veldhoven and colleagues, 2010 (36) | Cohort 127,353 M 216,403 F 778 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases | Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) | M: 52.9 (9.8) F: 51 (10.9) | Total | A total physical activity index created by Friedenreich and colleagues, based on four self-administered or interview-based question about occupational, household and recreational physical activity during the past year, derived from development work undertaken in the Netherlands. Validated and repeatable index (54). | At the time of enrolment | Very high recreational physical activity (≥45.75 Met-h.wk−1) in combination with (heavy) manual work or standing occupation versus low or medium recreational physical activity (<27.75 Met-hr.wk−1) in combination with sedentary or unknown occupation | Age, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, education, diabetes |
| Recreational | Four self-administered or interview-based question about occupational, household and recreational physical activity during the past year, derived from development work undertaken in the Netherlands. | ≥45.75 Met-h/wk versus < 14.25 Met-hr/wk | ||||||
| Occupational | Four self-administered or interview-based question about occupational, household and recreational physical activity during the past year, derived from development work undertaken in the Netherlands. | (Heavy) manual versus sedentary occupation | ||||||
| Kabat and colleagues, 2011 (37) | Cohort 158,975 F 1,123 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases | United States | 63.2 (7.2) | Recreational | Self-administered questionnaire about the usual pattern of activity | At the time of enrollment | ≥17.5 Met-h/wk versus <1.6 Met-hr/wk | Age, pack-years of smoking, servings of alcohol per week, education, BMI, ethnicity |
| Parent and colleagues, 2011 (34) | Case-control in men 215 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 54 Hodgkin lymphoma 533 controls | Canada (Montreal) | Cases: 58.9 (8.01) Controls: 59.6 (7.91) | Total | Interview about occupational and recreational physical activity | During adult life | Intermediate level of occupational physical activity [<75% of work years spent in very active (≥4 Mets) or sedentary jobs (≤1.5 Mets)] with recreational activities, or at the high occupational physical activity level (≥75% of work years spent in very active jobs, ≥4 Mets) with or without recreational physical activity versus low occupational physical activity level (>75% of work years spent in sedentary jobs (≤1.5 Mets) or intermediate occupational physical activity level without recreational physical activity | Age, socio-economic status, educational level, ethnicity, respondent status, smoking BMI |
| Recreational | Interview about recreational physical activity | During adult life | Sports and/or outdoor activities on average once a week or more for at least 6 months: yes versus no | |||||
| Occupational | Interview about occupational physical activity | During adult life | At least 75% of work years spent in very active jobs (4 MetS or more) versus at least 75% of work years spent in sedentary jobs (≤1.5 Mets) | |||||
| Teras and colleagues, 2012 (38) | Cohort 69,849 M 77,001 F 2,002 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases | 21 states of America | 62.9 (6.4) | Recreational | Self-administered question about the frequency of several leisure-time activities | The past year | ≥17.5 Met-h/wk versus 0–7 Met-hr/wk | Age, family history of hematopoietic cancer, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, height |
| Kelly and colleagues, 2012 (35) | Case–control 950 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (550 M) 1,146 (611 M) | US (Minnesota) | Median: 63 | Total | Self-administered questions on duration and frequency of walking, mild, moderate, and strenuous physical activity 2 years before case diagnosis or control selection | 2 years before case diagnosis or control selection | >2,701 Mets/wk versus < 615 Mets/wk | Age, gender, county of residence |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; F, female; kJ, kilojoule; M; male; MET, metabolic equivalent (3.5 mlO2/kg/min).