Table 4.

The combined effect of HBV infection and AFB₁ exposure and risk of HCC

HBsAg		HCC/controls	OR (95% CI)	Diagnosis with HCC
								Within 3 y of follow-up	OR (95% CI)	More than 3 y	OR (95% CI)
								HCC/controls		HCC/controls
AFB₁-albumin adducts
Positive vs negative			7.49 (5.13-10.93)*
Negative	Below mean (<59.8)	44/489	1.0	12/174	1.0	32/315	1.0
Negative	Above mean (≥59.8)	31/262	1.64 (0.89-3.03)	7/67	2.58 (0.78-8.59)	24/195	1.42 (0.68-2.99)
Positive	Below mean (<59.8)	111/219	7.03 (4.45-11.09)*	46/119	4.32 (2.12-8.79)*	65/100	11.22 (6.05-20.82)*
Positive	Above mean (≥59.8)	44/82	10.38 (5.73-18.82)*	18/39	9.87 (3.70-26.39)*	26/43	10.71 (4.88-23.50)*
			P_trend < 0.0001		P_trend < 0.0001		P_trend < 0.0001
Urinary AFB₁ metabolites
Negative	Below mean (<55.2)	22/370	1.0	7/150	1.0	15/220	1.0
Negative	Above mean (≥55.2)	33/266	2.84 (1.44-5.57)*	10/83	4.18 (1.24-14.15)^†	23/183	2.34 (0.99-5.53)
Positive	Below mean (<55.2)	63/139	11.01 (5.79-20.92)*	27/85	7.09 (2.41-20.86)*	36/54	20.95 (8.52-51.55)*
Positive	Above mean (≥55.2)	80/129	15.13 (7.83-29.25)*	36/68	12.72 (4.29-37.75)*	44/61	19.80 (7.88-49.75)*
			P_trend < 0.0001		P_trend < 0.0001		P_trend < 0.0001
Negative	Both below mean	15/240	1.0
Negative	Either one above mean	28/304	2.01 (0.92-4.39)
Negative	Both above mean	12/92	2.84 (1.06-7.62)^†
Positive	Both below mean	47/104	9.22 (4.39-19.34)*
Positive	Either one above mean	73/126	12.87 (6.20-26.72)*
Positive	Both above mean	23/38	17.29 (6.98-42.82)*
			P_trend < 0.0001

NOTE: ORs were adjusted for batch of aflatoxin biomarker assay, anti-HCV status, habitual smoking, alcohol drinking, and BMI.
↵* P < 0.0001.
↵† P < 0.05.