Table 2.

Biomarkers of AFB₁ exposure and risk of HCC

AFB₁ exposure	Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)*
AFB₁-albumin adducts (fmol/mg)
Mean (SD)	56.5 (53.5)	59.8 (59.5)
Nondetectable	15 (6.5)	57 (5.4)	1.0	1.0
Detectable	215 (93.5)	995 (94.6)	0.92 (0.49-1.74)	0.99 (0.48-2.02)
Below mean (<59.8)	155 (67.4)	708 (67.3)	1.0	1.0
Above mean (≥59.8)	75 (32.6)	344 (32.7)	1.10 (0.76-1.60)	1.54 (1.01-2.36)^†
<26.9	66 (28.7)	263 (25.0)	1.0	1.0
≥26.9 to <43.5	58 (25.2)	262 (24.9)	0.92 (0.61-1.41)	1.11 (0.69-1.83)
≥43.5 to <71.35	49 (22.3)	264 (25.1)	0.76 (0.48-1.21)	1.18 (0.69-2.03)
≥71.35	57 (24.8)	263 (25.0)	0.94 (0.58-1.51)	1.47 (0.83-2.58)
			P_trend = 0.58	P_trend = 0.19
Urinary AFB₁ metabolites (fmol/mL)
Mean (SD)	71.3 (54.9)	55.2 (41.9)
Nondetectable	23 (11.6)	107 (11.9)	1.0	1.0
Detectable	175 (88.4)	797 (88.1)	1.07 (0.59-1.94)	1.70 (0.89-3.25)
Below mean (<55.2)	85 (42.9)	509 (56.3)	1.0	1.0
Above mean (≥55.2)	113 (57.1)	395 (43.7)	1.77 (1.27-2.47)^†	1.76 (1.18-2.58)^†
<25.7	45 (22.7)	225 (24.9)	1.0	1.0
≥25.7 to 48.5	31 (15.7)	223 (24.7)	0.76 (0.45-1.27)	0.98 (0.54-1.78)
≥48.5 to 77.35	45 (22.7)	230 (25.4)	0.97 (0.59-1.59)	0.95 (0.55-1.69)
≥77.35	77 (38.9)	226 (25.0)	1.91 (1.21-3.01)^†	1.99 (1.18-3.36)^†
		P_trend = 0.0009	P_trend = 0.008

↵* Adjusted for batch of aflatoxin biomarker assay, HBsAg, anti-HCV status, habitual smoking, alcohol drinking, and BMI.
↵† P < 0.01.