Table 4.

Multivariate adjusted HR (95% CI) for exocrine pancreatic cancer according to energy-adjusted baseline intake of flavonoids by intervention group (placebo versus α-tocopherol, β-carotene, or both) in the ATBC Study (n = 27,111), 1985-2004

Flavonoid	Quartiles of intake (1: lowest, 4: highest)
		1*	2	3	4
		1*		HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Total flavonoids
Range of intake (mg)	≤7.10	>7.11-10.74	>10.74-18.69	>18.69
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	27/22,521	21/23,168	22/23,965	9/24,802
Multivariate adjusted^†	1	0.83 (0.46-1.48)	0.88 (0.49-1.57)	0.36 (0.17-0.78)	0.009
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	65/67,622	47/68,926	49/70,453	66/70,207
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.70 (0.48-1.02)	0.73 (0.50-1.06)	0.98 (0.69-1.39)	0.39	0.002
Flavonols
Range of intake (mg)	≤5.69	>5.69-7.95	>7.95-11.70	>11.70
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	27/22,099	24/23,161	15/24,572	13/24,623
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.94 (0.54-1.64)	0.58 (0.30-1.10)	0.54 (0.27-1.07)	0.04
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	58/67,503	53/68,922	44/70,067	72/70,715
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.91 (0.62-1.32)	0.75 (0.51-1.12)	1.24 (0.87-1.78)	0.11	0.004
Kaempferol
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.24	>0.24-0.44	>0.44-1.29	>1.29
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	26/22,785	20/23,291	24/23,608	9/24,770
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.82 (0.45-1.50)	1.00 (0.56-1.77)	0.37 (0.17-0.79)	0.009
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	60/68,092	50/68,572	57/70,623	60/69,920
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.79 (0.54-1.15)	0.89 (0.61-1.28)	0.95 (0.66-1.38)	0.67	0.006
Myricetin
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.40	>0.40-0.66	>0.66-1.12	>1.12
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	26/23,051	24/23,194	15/23,987	14/24,224
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.95 (0.54-1.66)	0.60 (0.32-1.14)	0.61 (0.31-1.18)	0.10
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	54/67,738	52/68,423	56/70,335	65/70,712
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.96 (0.65-1.40)	1.02 (0.70-1.48)	1.21 (0.83-1.75)	0.21	0.02
Quercetin
Range of intake (mg)	≤4.82	>4.82-6.61	>6.61-9.10	>9.10
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	23/22,043	28/23,420	16/24,225	12/24,767
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.27 (0.72-2.22)	0.74 (0.38-1.41)	0.59 (0.29-1.23)	0.06
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	58/67,664	48/68,432	52/70,255	69/70,856
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.84 (0.57-1.23)	0.90 (0.61-1.31)	1.20 (0.84-1.73)	0.16	0.007
Flavan-3-ols
Range of intake (mg)	≤1.12	>1.12-2.51	>2.51-6.76	>6.76
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	23/23,138	24/22,802	23/23,920	9/24,596
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.12 (0.63-2.00)	1.06 (0.59-1.91)	0.42 (0.19-0.92)	0.01
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	60/68,694	53/68,699	52/69,845	62/69,970
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.85 (0.58-1.23)	0.82 (0.56-1.20)	1.00 (0.69-1.44)	0.54	0.005
Catechin
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.43	>0.43-0.92	>0.92-2.53	>2.53
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	22/22,882	26/23,061	22/23,837	9/24,676
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.27 (0.71-2.27)	1.05 (0.57-1.92)	0.43 (0.20-0.95)	0.009
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	61/68,999	53/68,649	51/69,780	62/69,779
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.83 (0.57-1.20)	0.79 (0.54-1.15)	0.97 (0.68-1.40)	0.60	0.005
Epicatechin
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.63	>0.63-1.56	>1.56-4.35	>4.35
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	22/23,335	25/22,716	22/23,731	10/24,674
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.25 (0.70-2.23)	1.10 (0.60-2.01)	0.50 (0.23-1.06)	0.02
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	65/68,449	48/68,579	53/70,313	61/69,866
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.71 (0.49-1.04)	0.77 (0.53-1.11)	0.91 (0.63-1.30)	0.68	0.01
Flavones
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.041	>0.041-0.069	>0.069-0.148	>0.148
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	21/23,565	16/22,621	25/23,729	17/24,540
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.80 (0.42-1.53)	1.24 (0.69-2.23)	0.89 (0.46-1.69)	0.80
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	56/68,623	58/68,586	50/69,600	63/70,398
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.00 (0.69-1.45)	0.83 (0.57-1.22)	1.09 (0.75-1.56)	0.50	0.42
Apigenin
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.020	>0.020-0.036	>0.036-0.082	>0.082
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	20/23,760	19/23,359	20/23,129	20/24,208
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.94 (0.50-1.77)	0.96 (0.52-1.79)	1.04 (0.56-1.95)	0.79
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	55/70,471	59/69,268	54/67,612	59/69,856
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.04 (0.72-1.51)	0.93 (0.64-1.36)	1.03 (0.71-1.49)	0.87	0.98
Luteolin
Range of intake (mg)	≤0.014	>0.014-0.027	>0.027-0.057	>0.057
Placebo
No. cases/person-years	17/22,899	24/22,527	18/23,940	20/25,089
Multivariate adjusted	1	1.51 (0.81-2.81)	1.15 (0.59-2.24)	1.35 (0.70-2.61)	0.67
Supplement
No. cases/person-years	63/67,787	54/67,743	50/70,016	60/71,662
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.83 (0.58-1.19)	0.77 (0.53-1.12)	0.91 (0.63-1.30)	0.91	0.99

↵* Reference category.
↵† Multivariate-adjusted HRs are adjusted for age at randomization, years of smoking, total number of cigarettes per day, self-reported history of diabetes mellitus, and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake.