Included studies on high versus low quantiles of vitamin D intake and colorectal adenomas
| First author, year | Location | Study period | No. cases | No. and type of controls | Source of vitamin D intake | Vitamin D quantile ranges, cut points, or median (IU/d)* | OR (95% CI)* | P for trend | Adjusted for | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||
| Boutron, 1996 | France | 1985-1990 | 154 | 427 Hospital-based | Total (dietary and supplements) | Cut points | 1.00 | 0.14 | Age, sex, total energy intake | |||||||||
| Men: 120, 156, 200, 212, ≥212 | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | |||||||||||||||||
| Women: 96, 128, 160, 256, ≥256 | 1.0 (0.5-1.7) | |||||||||||||||||
| 0.6 (0.3-1.2) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Whelan, 1999 | New York, United States | 1993-1997 | 29 | 395 Hospital-based | Supplements | Vitamin D supplement usage | 0.85 (0.39-1.86) | Not given | Age, sex | |||||||||
| Peters, 2001† | Maryland, United States | 1994-1996 | 239 | 228 Hospital-based | Dietary | Median | Not given | Age, sex | ||||||||||
| 79 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 217 | 1.29 (0.77-2.2) | |||||||||||||||||
| 489 | 1.09 (0.64-1.84) | |||||||||||||||||
| 617 | 0.83 (0.48-1.42) | |||||||||||||||||
| Levine, 2001† | California, United States | 1991-1993 | 467 | 500 Hospital-based | Total | Range | 0.99 | Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), race, clinic, sigmoidoscopy date, total fiber, saturated fat intake, multivitamin use | ||||||||||
| 1.0-148 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 148-266 | 1.02 (0.69-1.51) | |||||||||||||||||
| 266-531 | 0.95 (0.63-1.43) | |||||||||||||||||
| 531-1870 | 1.11 (0.67-1.55) | |||||||||||||||||
| Boyapati, 2003 | North Carolina, United States | 1995-1997 | 177 | 228 Hospital-based | Total | Range | 0.19 | Age, sex, total energy intake | ||||||||||
| Men: 0-175 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 176-356 | 1.10 (0.66-1.81) | |||||||||||||||||
| 357-2302 | 0.69 (0.41-1.18) | |||||||||||||||||
| Women: 0-158 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 159-433 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 434-1656 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cohort and nested case-control studies | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kampman, 1994‡ | United States | 1986-1990 | 331 | 9,159 Population-based | Total | Range | 0.32 | Age, BMI, alcohol intake, family history of colon cancer, indications for endoscopy, history of previous endoscopy, total energy, fiber, saturated fat, and folate intake | ||||||||||
| 4-175 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 175-264 | 0.96 | |||||||||||||||||
| 264-402 | 0.83 | |||||||||||||||||
| 402-648 | 0.68 | |||||||||||||||||
| 648-5078 | 1.29 (0.87-1.93) | |||||||||||||||||
| Martinez, 2002 | Arizona, United States | Cross-sectional | 639 | 665 Population-based | Dietary supplements total | Range | 0.91 | Age, sex, number of colonoscopies, number of polyps at baseline, history of prior polyps, aspirin use, fiber, calcium intake | ||||||||||
| <86 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 86-174 | 1.01 (0.72-1.43) | |||||||||||||||||
| 175-455 | 0.88 (0.62-1.25) | |||||||||||||||||
| >455 | 1.02 (0.71-1.47) | |||||||||||||||||
| Lieberman, 2003 | United States | 1994-1997 | 312 (97% men) | 1,359 Hospital-based | Dietary | Range | Not given | Age, medical history, total energy intake | ||||||||||
| <179.5 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 179.5-270.2 | 1.14 (0.77-1.69) | |||||||||||||||||
| 270.3-417.7 | 0.98 (0.65-1.47) | Not adjusted for sex but cohort (97% men) | ||||||||||||||||
| 417.8-644.9 | 0.69 (0.45-1.07) | |||||||||||||||||
| >644.9 | 0.61 (0.39-0.97) | |||||||||||||||||
| Kesse, 2005§ | France | 1993-1997 | 516 | 4,804 population-based | Total | Range | 0.72 | BMI, alcohol intake, education, current smoking status, family history of colon cancer, physical activity, total energy intake | ||||||||||
| <69.2 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 69.2-94.8 | 1.49, (1.16-1.91) | |||||||||||||||||
| 94.8-130.4 | 1.25 (0.96-1.62) | |||||||||||||||||
| >130.4 | 1.15 (0.88-1.49) | |||||||||||||||||
| Hartman, 2005 | United States 8 clinical centers | 1991-1994 | 754 | 1,151 Hospital-based | Dietary supplements total | Range | 0.03 | Age, sex, intervention group, site, interaction between sex and intervention group, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory disease use, total energy intake | ||||||||||
| <134 | 1.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| 134.1-196 | 1.22 (0.91-1.65) | |||||||||||||||||
| 196.1-282 | 0.87 (0.65-1.18) | |||||||||||||||||
| 282.1-468 | 0.77 (0.56-1.02) | |||||||||||||||||
| >468 | 0.84 (0.62-1.13) | |||||||||||||||||
| Jacobs, 2007‡ | Arizona, United States | 4 y | 360 | 804 Hospital-based | Total | Median | 0.78 | Age, energy intake, number of colonoscopies, previous polyps | ||||||||||
| 45.5 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 125.5 | 0.95 (0.65-1.37) | |||||||||||||||||
| 257.0 | 0.95 (0.64-1.39) | |||||||||||||||||
| Jacobs, 2007§ | Arizona, United States | 4 y | 144 | 388 Hospital-based | Total | Median | 0.28 | Age, energy intake, number of colonoscopies, previous polyps | ||||||||||
| 30.5 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 107.6 | 0.90 (0.51-1.60) | |||||||||||||||||
| 234.2 | 0.71 (0.38-1.32) | |||||||||||||||||
| Oh, 2007 | United States | 1980-2002 | 2,747 women | 48,115 Population-based | Total | Median | 0.07 | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, family history of colon cancer, history of previous endoscopy, physical activity, menopausal status and hormone use, aspirin use, total energy, fiber, red meat, folate, phosphorous, calcium, and retinol intake | ||||||||||
| 135 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 226 | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | |||||||||||||||||
| 312 | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | |||||||||||||||||
| 419 | 0.75 (0.62-0.90) | |||||||||||||||||
| 601 | 0.79 (0.63-0.99) | |||||||||||||||||