Total daily retinol intake and retinol intake from foods sources at baseline and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the HPFS and NHS cohorts
| Total daily retinol intake (IU) | Ptrend | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2,000 | 2,000-3,999 | 4,000-7,999 | ≥8,000 | |||||||
| HPFS (1986-2000) | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 58 | 57 | 36 | 36 | ||||||
| Person-years | 201,264 | 158,920 | 128,379 | 122,415 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.77-1.60) | 0.83 (0.55-1.26) | 0.82 (0.54-1.24) | 0.18 | |||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.71-1.50) | 0.64 (0.40-1.02) | 0.59 (0.36-0.96) | 0.02 | |||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.84-1.83) | 0.87 (0.53-1.42) | 0.76 (0.42-1.37) | 0.21 | |||||
| NHS (1984-2000) | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 63 | 37 | 48 | 30 | ||||||
| Person-years | 472,115 | 228,733 | 294,519 | 166,627 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.74-1.66) | 1.04 (0.71-1.51) | 1.08 (0.70-1.67) | 0.78 | |||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.73-1.65) | 0.98 (0.64-1.51) | 1.01 (0.59-1.73) | 0.99 | |||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.77-1.77) | 1.07 (0.68-1.69) | 1.09 (0.58-2.03) | 0.79 | |||||
| Pooled RRs | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 121 | 94 | 84 | 66 | ||||||
| Person-years | 673,379 | 387,653 | 422,898 | 289,042 | ||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.84-1.45) | 0.94 (0.71-1.24) | 0.93 (0.69-1.26) | 0.41 | |||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.80-1.40) | 0.81 (0.59-1.11) | 0.75 (0.52-1.08) | 0.07 | |||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.91-1.60) | 0.97 (0.69-1.36) | 0.90 (0.58-1.38) | 0.43 | |||||
| Daily retinol intake from foods (IU) | Ptrend | |||||||||
| <2,000 | 2,000-3,999 | ≥4,000 | ||||||||
| HPFS (1986-2000) | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 46 | 38 | 8 | |||||||
| Person-years | 176,586 | 117,671 | 51,312 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.69-1.62) | 0.51 (0.24-1.07) | 0.09 | ||||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.68-1.61) | 0.49 (0.23-1.04) | 0.08 | ||||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.77-1.94) | 0.56 (0.26-1.20) | 0.16 | ||||||
| NHS (1984-2000) | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 57 | 32 | 18 | |||||||
| Person-years | 444,845 | 174,066 | 106,211 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.82-1.95) | 1.07 (0.63-1.83) | 0.57 | ||||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.80-1.91) | 1.00 (0.59-1.70) | 0.77 | ||||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.82-1.98) | 1.05 (0.61-1.81) | 0.64 | ||||||
| Pooled RRs | ||||||||||
| No. cases | 103 | 70 | 26 | |||||||
| Person-years | 621,431 | 291,737 | 157,523 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.85-1.57) | 0.83 (0.54-1.29) | 0.51 | ||||||
| Multivariate RR* (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.84-1.54) | 0.79 (0.51-1.22) | 0.36 | ||||||
| Multivariate + vitamin D RR† (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.91-1.72) | 0.85 (0.54-1.32) | 0.58 | ||||||
NOTE: Analysis of nutrients from food sources excludes participants who reported the use of multivitamin supplements and those for whom information about multivitamin supplement use was missing. All RRs are adjusted for age (1-year intervals), time period (2-year intervals), and total energy intake (kcal).
↵* Multivariate RRs additionally adjusted for cigarette smoking (current, former, never), history of diabetes (ever, never), body mass index (cutpoints: 23.0, 25.0, 27.0, 30.0), height (quintiles), region of residence (south, north), use of multivitamin supplements, and parity (among women).
↵† Multivariate + vitamin D RRs are additionally adjusted for categories of total vitamin D intake or vitamin D intake from foods as appropriate.