Characteristics of women who developed lung cancer and noncases in the IWHS
| Characteristics | All lung cancer cases, N = 403, n (%) | Noncases, N = 26,759, n (%) | HR (95% CI) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||
| 61-65 | 148 (36.7) | 9,974 (37.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
| 66-70 | 142 (35.2) | 9,392 (35.1) | 1.02 (0.81-1.28) | |||||
| 71+ | 113 (28.0) | 7,383 (27.6) | 1.03 (0.80-1.32) | 0.97 | ||||
| Pack-years | ||||||||
| 0 | 73 (18.8) | 18,174 (69.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
| 1-19 | 23 (5.9) | 3,537 (13.5) | 1.62 (1.01-2.59) | |||||
| 20-39 | 122 (31.4) | 2,665 (10.2) | 11.4 (8.50-15.3) | |||||
| 40+ | 170 (43.8) | 1,808 (6.9) | 23.4 (17.7-30.9) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 73 (18.5) | 18,174 (69.0) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
| Past | 148 (37.5) | 6,008 (22.8) | 6.13 (4.63-8.13) | |||||
| Current | 174 (44.0) | 2,178 (8.3) | 19.9 (15.1-26.2) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Alcohol (g/d) | ||||||||
| 0 | 175 (43.4) | 14,963 (55.9) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
| 0.9-1.9 | 54 (13.4) | 3,974 (14.8) | 1.16 (0.85-1.56) | |||||
| ≥2 | 174 (43.2) | 7,822 (29.2) | 1.90 (1.52-2.32) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| <High school graduate | 91 (22.6) | 4,603 (17.2) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
| High school graduate | 164 (40.7) | 11,308 (42.4) | 0.73 (0.57-0.95) | |||||
| Post-high school | 148 (36.7) | 10,791 (40.4) | 0.69 (0.53-0.90) | 0.02 | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 57 (14.1) | 6,085 (22.7) | 0.56 (0.42-0.74) | <0.0001 | ||||
| WHR | ||||||||
| ≥0.8274 (median) | 203 (50.6) | 13,338 (50.0) | 1.03 (0.84-1.25) | 0.80 | ||||
| Total fruit servings weekly | ||||||||
| ≥17 (median) | 149 (37.0) | 13,486 (50.4) | 0.58 (0.47-0.71) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Total vegetable servings weekly | ||||||||
| ≥22.5 (median) | 194 (48.1) | 13,764 (51.4) | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) | 0.19 | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | ||||||||
| ≥1707 (median) | 205 (50.9) | 13,383 (50.0) | 1.03 (0.85-1.26) | 0.73 | ||||
| Current vitamin use | 117 (29.1) | 8,763 (33.2) | 0.84 (0.68-1.04) | 0.03 | ||||
| History of arthritis | 206 (51.8) | 12,749 (48.2) | 0.87 (0.71-1.06) | 0.16 | ||||
| History of high blood pressure | 136 (34.4) | 9,450 (36.1) | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | 0.49 | ||||
| History of migraines | 40 (10.0) | 2,544 (9.6) | 1.04 (0.75-1.45) | 0.95 | ||||
| Family history of cancer | 159 (39.4) | 10,013 (37.5) | 1.09 (0.89-1.33) | 0.40 | ||||
| History of heart disease/heart attack | 75 (21.1) | 3,297,(14.1) | 1.74 (1.35-2.25) | 0.0002 | ||||
NOTE: Baseline (1986) variables: BMI, WHR, family history of lung cancer, family history of cancer, pack-years, high blood pressure, multivitamin use, fruit and vegetable intake, education, and energy intake. Follow-up (1992) variables: age, history of arthritis, smoking status, history of heart disease/heart attack, history of migraines, and alcohol.