Table 1

Mechanisms of resveratrol in cells in vitro related to cancer chemoprevention

Mechanism	Experimental system	“Efficacious” concentrations (μm)^a	Reference
Inhibition of growth	Multiple cell lines	∼5–10	5 (review)
Induction of apoptosis	Leukemia cells	32–100	34 , 35
Induction of p-53-independent apoptosis	Colon tumor cells	100	36
Estrogen agonism	Mammary cells	10–25	9
Antiestrogenicity	Mammary cells	0.1–1	9
Inhibition of oxygen radical formation nitric oxide production	Macrophages	∼30	37
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP1A1 CYP1B1, CYP3A4	Liver cells, microsomes, recombinant enzyme	1–20	8 , 38 , 39
Activation of p53	Mouse epidermal cells	20	40
Activation of c-jun kinase	Mouse epidermal cells	10–40	41
Decrease in COX-2 expression	Mammary epithelial cells	∼5	42
Increase in p21/Cip1, cyclins D1, D2, E; decrease in cdks 2, 4, 6	Epidermoid carcinoma cells	∼10	43
Increase in cyclins A, B1, and cdks 1 and 2	Colon tumor cells	30	44
Inhibition of protein kinase C activity	Gastric cells	50	45
Inhibition of protein kinase D activity	Fibroblasts	>100	46
Inhibition of NF κB^b activation	Monocytes, macrophages	30	47
Inhibition of NF κB and AP-1 activation	Myeloid, lymphoid, epithelial cells	5	48

^a Lowest concentrations at which reproducible changes have been observed, or IC₅₀ or EC₅₀, if provided.
^b NF κB, nuclear factor κB.