Baseline characteristicsa
| Intervention group | All smokers (n = 126) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C (n = 42) | Mixture (n = 39) | Placebo (n = 45) | ||||
| Sex (M/F) | 19/23 | 19/20 | 20/25 | 58/68 | ||
| Age (yrs) | 46.3 ± 11.3 | 45.7 ± 11.6 | 46.1 ± 14.2 | 46.1 ± 12.4 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 5.9 | 27.1 ± 5.3 | 27.9 ± 5.6 | 27.5 ± 5.6 | ||
| Race (white/black/other) | 25/14/3 | 22/15/2 | 26/14/5 | 73/43/10 | ||
| Years of smoking | 27.3 ± 12.7 | 26.5 ± 11.0 | 26.9 ± 13.3 | 26.9 ± 12.3 | ||
| Cigarettes/day | 23.8 ± 8.7 | 24.0 ± 8.1 | 21.3 ± 6.1 | 22.9 ± 7.7 | ||
| Fruit intakeb (servings/day) | 0.82 ± 0.6 | 0.85 ± 0.6 | 0.74 ± 0.7 | 0.80 ± 0.65 | ||
| Vegetable intake (servings/day) | 2.16 ± 1.4 | 2.34 ± 1.6 | 2.39 ± 1.6 | 2.30 ± 1.5 | ||
| Dietary vitamin C intake (mg/day) | 76.9 ± 51.8 | 93.7 ± 62.7 | 78.0 ± 61.4 | 82.4 ± 58.8 | ||
| Dietary vitamin E intake (mg/day) | 8.9 ± 5.1 | 11.0 ± 8.4 | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 9.5 ± 6.0 | ||
| Dietary provitamin A intake (mg/day) | 3.1 ± 2.7 | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 3.7 ± 4.2 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | ||
| Baseline plasma | ||||||
| Cotinine (ng/ml) | 265 ± 99 | 268 ± 110 | 259 ± 129 | 264 ± 113 | ||
| Total carotenes (μg/dl) | 89.6 ± 36.0 | 86.2 ± 33.0 | 90.8 ± 39.2 | 88.9 ± 36.1 | ||
| C-Reactive protein (mg/l) | 4.2 ± 4.8 | 3.0 ± 3.8 | 3.4 ± 4.2 | 3.5 ± 4.3 | ||
| Transferrin saturation (%) | 29.2 ± 8.7 | 26.3 ± 9.0 | 27.0 ± 9.3 | 27.5 ± 9.0 | ||
| TGS (mg/dl) | 119.5 ± 74.5 | 108.5 ± 54.7 | 121.3 ± 69.6 | 116.8 ± 66.8 | ||
| Tchol (mg/dl) | 195 ± 40 | 191 ± 43 | 204 ± 45 | 197 ± 43 | ||
a Data are from visit 2, prior to randomization, except for transferrin saturation, which is from visit 1. Results are reported as means ± SD. No intervention group differences were statistically significant.
b Includes fruits and fruit juices.