Incidence RRs for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder according to toenail selenium levels, with respect to tumor invasiveness and morphology; Netherlands Cohort Study 1986–1992
| Quintiles of toenail selenium (boundaries in μg/g) | Noninvasive (TIS/Ta/T1) | Invasive (T2–4) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-papillarya (n = 16) | Papillaryb (n = 180) | Non-papillarya (n = 81) | Papillaryb (n = 108) | |||
| RR (95% CI)c | RR (95% CI)c | RR (95% CI)c | RR (95% CI)c | |||
| 1 (≤0.483) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 2 (0.483 to ≤0.530) | 1.24 (0.31–4.88) | 1.23 (0.80–1.88) | 1.11 (0.63–1.95) | 0.96 (0.58–1.59) | ||
| 3 (0.530 to ≤0.573) | 1.07 (0.25–4.58) | 0.63 (0.37–1.05) | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | 0.44 (0.23–0.84) | ||
| 4 (0.573 to ≤0.630) | 1.28 (0.26–6.42) | 0.78 (0.46–1.31) | 0.17 (0.05–0.57) | 0.64 (0.34–1.20) | ||
| 5 (>0.6300) | 0.83 (0.13–5.20) | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 0.62 (0.30–1.28) | 0.36 (0.17–0.75) | ||
| P for linear trend | 0.92 | 0.18 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Increment in standard unitsd | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | ||
a ICD-O:M8120.
b ICDO:M8130.
c Adjusted for age, sex, number of cigarettes smoked/day, and years of cigarette smoking.
d z-scores based on In-transformed toenail selenium levels (increment of 0.202 μg/g).