RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition JF Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention JO Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev FD American Association for Cancer Research SP 1595 OP 1603 VO 13 IS 10 A1 Jenab, Mazda A1 Ferrari, Pietro A1 Slimani, Nadia A1 Norat, Teresa A1 Casagrande, Corinne A1 Overad, Kim A1 Olsen, Anja A1 Stripp, Connie A1 Tjønneland, Anne A1 Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine A1 Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise A1 Kesse, Emmanuelle A1 Nieters, Alexandra A1 Bergmann, Manuela A1 Boeing, Heiner A1 Naska, Androniki A1 Trichopoulou, Antonia A1 Palli, Domenico A1 Krogh, Vittorio A1 Celentano, Egidio A1 Tumino, Rosario A1 Sacerdote, Carlotta A1 Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik B. A1 Ocké, Marga C. A1 Peeters, Petra H.M. A1 Engeset, Dagrun A1 Quirós, José R. A1 González, Carlos A. A1 Martínez, Carmen A1 Chirlaque, Maria D. A1 Ardanaz, Eva A1 Dorronsoro, Miren A1 Wallström, Peter A1 Palmqvist, Richard A1 Van Guelpen, Bethany A1 Bingham, Sheila A1 San Joaquin, Miguel A. A1 Saracci, Rodolfo A1 Kaaks, Rudolf A1 Riboli, Elio YR 2004 UL http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/13/10/1595.abstract AB A link between unsaturated fatty acids or phytonutrients and reduced risk of colorectal cancer has been suggested. However, the effects of higher intake of dietary sources of these nutrients, such as the nuts and seeds food group, are less clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nut and seed intake on colorectal cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a large prospective cohort study involving 10 European countries. Total nut and seed intake was determined from country-specific dietary questionnaires. The data set included 478,040 subjects (141,988 men, 336,052 women) with a total of 855 (327 men, 528 women) colon and 474 (215 men, 259 women) rectal cancer cases. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by center and controlled for fruit intake, dietary fiber, energy, height, weight, sex, age, physical activity, and smoking, was used. The data show no association between higher intake of nuts and seeds and risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers in men and women combined, but a significant inverse association was observed in subgroup analyses for colon cancer in women at the highest (>6.2 g/d) versus the lowest (nonconsumers; hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.95) category of intake and for the linear effect of log-transformed intake (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.98), with no associations in men. It is not evident from this data why there may be a stronger association in women or why it may be limited to the colon, suggesting that much further research is necessary.