RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
JF Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention
JO Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
FD American Association for Cancer Research
SP 1595
OP 1603
VO 13
IS 10
A1 Jenab, Mazda
A1 Ferrari, Pietro
A1 Slimani, Nadia
A1 Norat, Teresa
A1 Casagrande, Corinne
A1 Overad, Kim
A1 Olsen, Anja
A1 Stripp, Connie
A1 Tjønneland, Anne
A1 Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
A1 Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise
A1 Kesse, Emmanuelle
A1 Nieters, Alexandra
A1 Bergmann, Manuela
A1 Boeing, Heiner
A1 Naska, Androniki
A1 Trichopoulou, Antonia
A1 Palli, Domenico
A1 Krogh, Vittorio
A1 Celentano, Egidio
A1 Tumino, Rosario
A1 Sacerdote, Carlotta
A1 Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik B.
A1 Ocké, Marga C.
A1 Peeters, Petra H.M.
A1 Engeset, Dagrun
A1 Quirós, José R.
A1 González, Carlos A.
A1 Martínez, Carmen
A1 Chirlaque, Maria D.
A1 Ardanaz, Eva
A1 Dorronsoro, Miren
A1 Wallström, Peter
A1 Palmqvist, Richard
A1 Van Guelpen, Bethany
A1 Bingham, Sheila
A1 San Joaquin, Miguel A.
A1 Saracci, Rodolfo
A1 Kaaks, Rudolf
A1 Riboli, Elio
YR 2004
UL http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/13/10/1595.abstract
AB A link between unsaturated fatty acids or phytonutrients and reduced risk of colorectal cancer has been suggested. However, the effects of higher intake of dietary sources of these nutrients, such as the nuts and seeds food group, are less clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nut and seed intake on colorectal cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a large prospective cohort study involving 10 European countries. Total nut and seed intake was determined from country-specific dietary questionnaires. The data set included 478,040 subjects (141,988 men, 336,052 women) with a total of 855 (327 men, 528 women) colon and 474 (215 men, 259 women) rectal cancer cases. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by center and controlled for fruit intake, dietary fiber, energy, height, weight, sex, age, physical activity, and smoking, was used. The data show no association between higher intake of nuts and seeds and risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers in men and women combined, but a significant inverse association was observed in subgroup analyses for colon cancer in women at the highest (>6.2 g/d) versus the lowest (nonconsumers; hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.95) category of intake and for the linear effect of log-transformed intake (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.98), with no associations in men. It is not evident from this data why there may be a stronger association in women or why it may be limited to the colon, suggesting that much further research is necessary.