Parental Smoking and Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Neuroblastoma

Qinghong Yang; Andrew F. Olshan; Melissa L. Bondy; Narayan R. Shah; Brad H. Pollock; Robert C. Seeger; A. Thomas Look; Susan L. Cohn

DOI: Published September 2000

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Table 1

Demographic factors

Factor	Case			Control			OR^a	95% CI
Factor		n	%	n	%		OR^a	95% CI
Gender
Male	279	55.4	251	49.8	1.0
Female	225	44.6	253	50.2	0.8	0.6–1.0
Mother’s race
White	409	81.2	396	78.6	1.0
Black	36	7.1	39	7.7	0.7	0.4–1.4
Hispanic	41	8.1	54	10.7	0.6	0.4–1.1
Other	18	3.6	15	3.0	1.3	0.6–2.8
Mother’s education
<High school	54	10.7	51	10.1	2.2	0.8–6.3
High school	341	67.7	318	63.1	1.3	0.9–1.8
College	109	21.6	135	26.8	1.0
Mother’s age
<20 yr	44	8.7	35	6.9	1.3	0.6–2.7
20–24	112	22.2	110	21.8	1.2	0.8–1.8
25–30	200	39.7	206	40.9	1.0
31–39	138	27.4	146	29.0	0.8	0.6–1.2
40+	10	2.0	7	1.4	3.5	0.7–16.8
Household income in birth year (in thousands)
<$10	84	17.7	54	11.1	1.6	0.8–3.3
$10–20	85	17.9	91	18.7	1.4	0.7–2.7
$21–30	82	17.3	114	23.5	1.0
$31–40	73	15.4	86	17.7	1.8	0.9–3.6
$41–50	51	10.7	52	10.7	1.0	0.4–2.3
>$50	100	21.0	89	18.3	1.6	0.7–3.5

^a Unadjusted matched OR.

Table 2

Maternal smoking

Maternal smoking^a	Case			Control			OR^b	95% CI
Maternal smoking^a		n	%	n	%		OR^b	95% CI
Lifetime
Never	299	59.7	311	61.8	1.0
Ever	202	40.3	192	38.2	1.0	0.7–1.3
Around pregnancy^c
Never	351	70.1	371	73.8	1.0
Ever	150	29.9	132	26.2	1.1	0.8–1.4
1 mo before conception
Never	354	70.7	371	73.8	1.0
Ever	147	29.3	132	26.2	1.1	0.8–1.4
1st trimester
Never	390	77.8	401	79.7	1.0
Ever	111	22.2	102	20.3	1.0	0.7–1.3
2nd trimester
Never	414	82.6	421	83.7	1.0
Ever	87	17.4	82	16.3	0.9	0.7–1.3
3rd trimester
Never	410	81.2	421	83.7	1.0
Ever	91	18.2	82	16.3	1.0	0.7–1.4
Breastfeeding
Never	364	92.2	377	90.8	1.0
Ever	31	7.9	38	9.2	0.9	0.5–1.5
Cigarettes/day during 1st trimester
Nonsmoker	390	78.0	401	79.9	1.0
≤5	22	4.4	25	5.0	0.8	0.5–1.5
5–10	39	7.8	34	6.8	1.0	0.6–1.6
10–15	12	2.4	9	1.8	1.2	0.5–3.0
>15	37	7.4	33	6.6	0.9	0.6–1.6
Cigarettes/day during 2nd trimester
Nonsmoker	414	82.8	421	84.0	1.0
≤5	17	3.4	16	3.2	1.0	0.5–2.0
5–10	34	6.8	30	6.0	1.0	0.6–1.6
10–15	11	2.2	7	1.4	1.3	0.5–3.5
>15	24	4.8	27	5.4	0.8	0.4–1.4

^a A total of three cases and one control had missing smoking-history information.
^b Adjusted for child’s gender, mother’s race and education, and household income in the birth year.
^c Included 1 month before and during the pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Table 3

Maternal alcohol consumption

Maternal drinking^a	Case			Control			OR^b	95% CI
Maternal drinking^a		n	%	n	%		OR^b	95% CI
Lifetime
Never	247	49.4	244	48.5	1.0
Ever	253	50.6	259	51.5	0.9	0.7–1.1
Around pregnancy^c
Never	264	52.9	281	56.1	1.0
Ever	235	47.1	220	43.9	1.1	0.8–1.4
1 mo before conception
Never	294	58.9	312	62.3	1.0
Ever	205	41.1	189	37.7	1.1	0.8–1.4
1st trimester
Never	403	80.8	423	84.4	1.0
Ever	96	19.2	78	15.6	1.2	0.9–1.7
2nd trimester
Never	439	88.0	461	92.0	1.0
Ever	60	12.0	40	8.0	1.6	1.0–2.4
3rd trimester
Never	441	88.4	458	91.4	1.0
Ever	58	11.6	43	8.6	1.4	0.9–2.1
Breastfeeding
Never	266	83.1	284	85.5	1.0
Ever	54	16.9	48	14.5	1.0	0.5–2.0
1st trimester (g/day)
Nondrinker	429	86.0	450	89.8	1.0
≤1.5	26	5.2	22	4.4	1.1	0.6–1.9
1.5–5	24	4.8	13	2.6	1.9	0.9–3.9
>5	20	4.0	16	3.2	1.0	0.5–2.1
2nd trimester (g/day)
Nondrinker	458	91.8	471	94.0	1.0
≤1.5	23	4.6	19	3.8	1.2	0.6–2.2
1.5–5	15	3.0	7	1.4	2.1	0.8–5.3
>5	3	0.6	4	0.8	0.9	0.2–4.0

^a A total of four cases and one control had missing information on alcohol use history.
^b Adjusted for child’s gender, mother’s race and education, and household income in the birth year.
^c Included 1 month before and during the pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Table 4

Paternal smoking

Paternal smoking^a	Case			Control			OR^b	95% CI
Paternal smoking^a		n	%	n	%		OR^b	95% CI
Lifetime
Never	209	53.6	212	54.5	1.0
Ever	181	46.4	177	45.5	1.0	0.7–1.3
Around pregnancy^c
Never	248	63.6	253	65.5	1.0
Ever	142	36.4	133	34.5	1.0	0.7–1.4
1 mo before conception
Never	253	64.9	267	68.6	1.0
Ever	137	35.1	122	31.4	1.2	0.8–1.6
1st trimester
Never	260	66.7	269	69.2	1.0
Ever	130	33.3	120	30.9	1.1	0.8–1.5
Cigs^d/day 1 mo before conception
0	253	65.5	267	69.2	1.0
≤5	15	3.9	13	3.4	1.3	0.6–2.8
5–10	24	6.2	24	6.2	1.0	0.5–1.9
10–20	60	15.5	58	15.0	1.1	0.7–1.7
>20	34	8.8	24	6.2	1.5	0.8–2.7
Cigs/day during 1st trimester
0	260	67.4	269	70.1
≤5	14	3.6	12	3.1	1.3	0.5–3.0
5–10	20	5.2	22	5.7	0.9	0.5–1.8
10–20	61	15.8	57	14.8	1.1	0.7–1.7
>20	31	8.0	24	6.3	1.3	0.7–2.3
Smokeless tobacco 1 mo before conception
Never	348	93.1	365	94.1
Ever	26	7.0	23	5.9	1.3	0.7–2.6

^a A total of one control had missing information on tobacco use history. Includes direct and proxy data.
^b Adjusted for child’s gender, mother’s race, father’s education, and household income in birth year.
^c Included 1 month before and during the pregnancy.
^d Cigs, cigarettes.

Table 5

Paternal alcohol consumption

Paternal drinking^a	Case			Control			OR^b	95% CI
Paternal drinking^a		n	%	n	%		OR^b	95% CI
Lifetime
Never	94	24.4	81	20.9	1.0
Ever	291	75.6	307	79.1	0.8	0.5–1.1
During 1 y before pregnancy
Never	77	19.9	81	21.0	1.0
Ever	310	80.1	305	79.0	1.2	0.8–1.7
2–12 mo before pregnancy
Never	79	20.4	81	21.0	1.0
Ever	308	79.6	305	79.0	1.1	0.8–1.6
1 mo before pregnancy
Never	118	30.5	115	29.8	1.0
Ever	269	69.5	271	70.2	1.0	0.7–1.4
1 mo before pregnancy (g/day)
0	122	31.6	117	31.0	1.0
≤1.5	25	6.5	22	5.8	1.2	0.6–2.2
1.5–5	46	11.9	56	14.8	0.9	0.5–1.4
5–15	88	22.8	97	25.7	0.9	0.6–1.4
15–25	34	8.8	26	6.9	1.4	0.8–2.6
>25	71	18.4	60	15.9	1.3	0.8–2.1

^a A total of four cases and two controls had missing information on alcohol use history. Includes direct and proxy data.
^b Adjusted for child’s gender, mother’s race, father’s education, and household income in birth year.

Appendix A

Participating principal investigators—Children’s Cancer Group


Institution	Investigators	Grant no.
Group Operations Center, Arcadia, CA	W. Archie Bleyer, Anita Khayat, Harland Sather, Mark Krailo, Jonathan Buckley, Daniel Stram, and Richard Sposto	CA 13539
University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI	Raymond Hutchinson	CA 02971
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA	Katherine Matthay	CA 17829
University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, WI	Diane Puccetti	CA 05436
Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Seattle, WA	J. Russell Geyer	CA 10382
Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH	Eric Kodish	CA 20320
Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C.	Gregory Reaman	CA 03888
Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA	Paul Gaynon	CA 02649
Children’s Hospital of Columbus, Columbus, OH	Frederick Ruymann	CA 03750
Columbia Presbyterian College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY	Michael Weiner	CA 03526
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA	A. Kim Ritchey	CA 36015
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN	James Whitlock	CA 26270
Doernbecher Memorial Hospital for Children, Portland, OR	H. Stacy Nicholson	CA 26044
University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, Minneapolis, MN	Joseph Neglia	CA 07306
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA	Beverly Lange	CA 11796
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY	Peter Steinherz	CA 42764
James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN	Philip Breitfeld	CA 13809
University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT	William Carroll	CA 10198
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada	Paul Rogers	CA 29013
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH	Robert Wells	CA 26126
Harbor University of California-Los Angeles & Miller Children’s Medical Center, Torrance/Long Beach, CA	Jerry Finklestein	CA 14560
University of California Medical Center (University of California-Los Angeles), Los Angeles, CA	Stephen Feig	CA 27678
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA	Raymond Tannous	CA 29314
Childrens Hospital of Denver, Denver, CO	Lorrie Odom	CA 28851
Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN	Gerald Gilchrist	CA 28882
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC	Stuart Gold
University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Camden, NJ	Richard Drachtman
Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO	Maxine Hetherington
Wyler Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL	James Nachman
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX	Beverly Raney
New York University Medical Center, New York, NY	Aaron Rausen
Childrens Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA	Violet Shen

Appendix B

Participating principal investigators—Pediatric Oncology Group

Institution	Principal investigator	Grant no.
Baylor	C. Philip Steuber	CA 03161
Hackensack Medical Center	Michael B. Harris
Boston Floating Hospital	Cynthia Sweetnam Kretschmar
East Carolina University	Charles W. Daeschner	CA 69177
Medical University of South Carolina	Joseph Laver	CA 69177
Children’s Hospital Michigan	Yaddanapudi Ravindranath	CA 29691
St. Johns Hospital	Hadi Sawaf	CA 29691
Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL	Morris Kletzel	CA 07431
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute	Holcombe E. Grier	CA 41573
Maine Children’s	Craig Hurwitz	CA 41573
Duke University	Joanne Kurtzberg	CA 15525
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV	A. Kim Ritchey	CA 15525
University of Maryland	Christopher Franz	CA 69428
Yale University	Peter Beardsley	CA 69428
Emory University	Andrew Yeager	CA 20549
All Children’s Hospital	Jerry Levey Barbosa
Joe DiMaggio Children’s	Philippa G. Sprinz
Tampa Children’s Hospital	Cameron K. Tebbi
Hospital for Sick Children	Mark Greenberg
Medical College Virginia	Edward C. Russell
Miami Children’s Hospital	Enrique Escalon
SUNY Stony Brook	Robert Ingalls Parker	CA 29293
University of Vermont	Joseph D. Dickerman	CA 29293
Ochsner Clinic	Rafael Sanchez Ducos
Oklahoma University	Ruprecht Nitschke	CA 11233
Operations Office	Sharon B. Murphy	CA 30969
Cook-Ft. Worth Children’s Medical Center	W. Paul Bowman	CA 33625
St. Jude Children’s	Ching-Hon Pui	CA 31566
Statistical Office	Jonathan J. Shuster	CA 29139
University of Alabama	Robert Castleberry	CA 25408
Nemours Children’s Clinic	Paul A. Pitel
University of Florida	Paulette Mehta
University of Kansas	Robert C. Trueworthy
University of Miami	Narayana Gowda
Keesler AFB Hospital	Gary D. Crouch	CA 15898
University of Mississippi Medical Center	Jeanette Pullen	CA 15989
University of California-Davis	Jonathan M. Ducore
Children’s Hospital (San Diego)	Richard P. Kadota	CA 28439
University of Texas-San Antonio	Paul Jan Thomas
Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth	Paulette Charese Bryant
Tripler Army Medical Center	Bruce A. Cook
Walter Reed Army Medical	David A. Maybee
Washington University	Michael Rugledge Debaun	CA 05587
Presbyterian Hospital	Barry L. Golembe	CA 69177
Wake Forest University School of Medicine	Allen Chauvenet