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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Breast Cancer among African-American and White Women in North Carolina

Robert Millikan, Emily DeVoto, Eric J. Duell, Chiu-Kit Tse, David A. Savitz, James Beach, Sharon Edmiston, Susan Jackson and Beth Newman
Robert Millikan
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Emily DeVoto
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Eric J. Duell
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Chiu-Kit Tse
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David A. Savitz
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James Beach
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Sharon Edmiston
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Susan Jackson
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Beth Newman
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DOI:  Published November 2000
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

  • Table 1

    Plasma levels of DDE and total PCBs among cases and controls in the CBCS

    CasesControlsPa
    Mean (SD)MedianMean (SD)Median
    African-Americansn = 292n = 270
    DDEb9.96 (11.1)6.648.82 (8.9)5.660.45
    Lipid-adjusted DDEc1.96 (2.2)1.311.69 (1.7)1.170.29
    Total PCBsd2.79 (2.2)2.172.56 (2.3)1.970.21
    Lipid-adjusted total PCBse0.56 (0.4)0.450.51 (0.4)0.430.08
    Whitesn = 456n = 389
    DDE3.52 (4.4)1.913.94 (5.8)2.320.09
    Lipid-adjusted DDE0.66 (0.8)0.400.76 (1.2)0.430.18
    Total PCBs1.89 (1.7)1.471.89 (1.2)1.630.16
    Lipid-adjusted total PCBs0.38 (0.2)0.330.38 (0.2)0.350.42
    • a Wilcoxon rank sum test comparing medians in cases and controls.

    • b p,p′-DDE in parts per billion (ng/ml), unadjusted for lipids.

    • c p,p′-DDE adjusted for lipids (μg/g).

    • d Total PCBs in ppb (ng/ml), unadjusted for lipids.

    • e Total PCBs adjusted for lipids (μg/g).

  • Table 2

    ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and PCBs and breast cancer, overall and stratified by race

    CasesControlsORa (95% CI)ORb (95% CI)
    All participants
    DDEc
    <0.394274220ReferentReferent
    0.394 to <1.0442312190.96 (0.73–1.25)1.05 (0.79–1.40)
    ≥1.0442432201.00 (0.74–1.36)1.09 (0.79–1.51)
    Total PCBsd
    <0.283239219ReferentReferent
    0.283 to <0.4692662201.29 (0.98–1.69)1.29 (0.97–1.72)
    ≥0.4692432201.21 (0.89–1.65)1.09 (0.79–1.52)
    African-Americans
    DDE
    <0.718990ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.890901.11 (0.72–1.72)1.12 (0.70–1.77)
    ≥1.8113901.37 (0.87–2.17)1.41 (0.87–2.29)
    Total PCBs
    <0.3127990ReferentReferent
    0.312 to <0.5497901.48 (0.95–2.33)1.35 (0.84–2.16)
    ≥0.54116901.79 (1.07–3.01)1.74 (1.00–3.01)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.30176130ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.661461290.91 (0.65–1.27)0.97 (0.68–1.40)
    ≥0.661341300.87 (0.62–1.24)0.98 (0.67–1.43)
    Total PCBs
    <0.265149130ReferentReferent
    0.265 to <0.4171721291.32 (0.94–1.85)1.32 (0.92–1.90)
    ≥0.4171351301.19 (0.81–1.74)1.03 (0.68–1.56)
    • a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race (all participants).

    • b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race (all participants), menopausal status, BMI, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.

    • c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.

    • d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid.

  • Table 3

    ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and PCBs and breast cancer, stratified by parity and history of breastfeeding

    CasesControlsORa (95% CI)ORb (95% CI)
    Nulliparous
    DDEc
    <0.3944125ReferentReferent
    0.394 to <1.04436231.28 (0.59–2.78)1.24 (0.54–2.82)
    ≥1.04435171.87 (0.67–5.20)1.48 (0.49–4.46)
    Total PCBsd
    <0.2833725ReferentReferent
    0.283 to <0.46939211.51 (0.69–3.33)2.06 (0.88–4.85)
    ≥0.46936191.74 (0.67–4.54)1.62 (0.57–4.58)
    Parous, never breastfed
    DDE
    <0.394131102ReferentReferent
    0.394 to <1.0441221230.86 (0.59–1.26)0.96 (0.65–1.42)
    ≥1.0441341111.07 (0.91–2.15)1.23 (0.80–1.89)
    Total PCBs
    <0.283115112ReferentReferent
    0.283 to <0.4691591251.51 (1.04–2.20)1.50 (1.01–2.23)
    ≥0.469113991.40 (0.91–2.15)1.30 (0.82–2.06)
    Parous, ever breastfed
    DDE
    <0.39410293ReferentReferent
    0.394 to <1.04473730.94 (0.60–1.48)1.16 (0.70–1.90)
    ≥1.04474920.71 (0.41–1.21)0.80 (0.45–1.44)
    Total PCBs
    <0.2838782ReferentReferent
    0.283 to <0.46968740.92 (0.58–1.47)0.90 (0.55–1.48)
    ≥0.469941020.95 (0.57–1.57)0.84 (0.49–1.44)
    • a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race.

    • b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race, menopausal status, BMI, HRT use, and income.

    • c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.

    • d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid.

  • Table 4

    ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and breast cancer, stratified by BMI

    Case no.Control no.ORa (95% CI)ORb (95% CI)
    Lowest third of BMIc
    African-Americans
    DDEd
    <0.713735ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.829211.31 (0.62–2.73)1.25 (0.57–2.73)
    ≥1.836311.14 (0.55–2.35)1.54 (0.58–3.49)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.308951ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.6638400.61 (0.34–1.08)0.69 (0.37–1.28)
    ≥0.5445370.91 (0.50–1.64)0.99 (0.52–1.88)
    Middle third of BMI
    African-Americans
    DDE
    <0.712729ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.835311.13 (0.51–2.49)0.80 (0.33–1.92)
    ≥1.838271.17 (0.49–2.79)1.07 (0.41–2.76)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.304843ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.6659511.15 (0.64–2.05)0.91 (0.48–1.74)
    ≥0.5452351.53 (0.81–2.91)1.29 (0.63–2.64)
    Highest third of BMI
    African-Americans
    DDE
    <0.712123ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.823340.98 (0.41–2.34)0.98 (0.37–2.55)
    ≥1.837311.86 (0.77–4.49)1.90 (0.71–5.09)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.303535ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.6648361.30 (0.68–2.50)1.66 (0.81–3.39)
    ≥0.5437580.62 (0.32–1.19)0.89 (0.43–1.82)
    • a Adjusted for age and age-squared.

    • b Adjusted for age, age-squared, menopausal status, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.

    • c Cutpoints for BMI (kg/m2) are race specific: <28.16, 28.16 to <34.2, and≥ 34.2 in African-Americans; <23.50, 23.50 to <27.94, and ≥27.94 in whites.

    • d p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid. Cutpoints for DDE are race specific, based upon controls.

  • Table 5

    ORs for lipid-adjusted total PCBs and breast cancer, stratified by BMI

    CasesControlsORa (95% CI)ORb (95% CI)
    Lowest third of BMIc
    African-Americans
    Total PCBsd
    <0.3122924ReferentReferent
    0.312 to <0.5438301.13 (0.54–2.40)1.22 (0.54–2.73)
    ≥0.5435330.90 (0.38–2.11)0.82 (0.32–2.08)
    Whites
    Total PCBs
    <0.2655436ReferentReferent
    0.265 to <0.41769351.50 (0.82–2.74)1.28 (0.67–2.42)
    ≥0.41749570.90 (0.47–1.71)0.72 (0.36–1.46)
    Middle third of BMI
    African-Americans
    Total PCBs
    <0.3122429ReferentReferent
    0.312 to <0.5432311.31 (0.59–2.90)1.11 (0.48–2.60)
    ≥0.5444271.65 (0.63–4.36)2.51 (0.85–7.45)
    Whites
    Total PCBs
    <0.2655338ReferentReferent
    0.265 to <0.41750470.83 (0.45–1.52)0.81 (0.41–1.62)
    ≥0.41756440.95 (0.49–1.85)0.77 (0.36–1.65)
    Highest third of BMI
    African-Americans
    Total PCBs
    <0.3122333ReferentReferent
    0.312 to <0.5425282.09 (0.87–5.05)2.20 (0.86–5.63)
    ≥0.5433273.83 (1.42–10.34)4.92 (1.63–14.83)
    Whites
    Total PCBs
    <0.2653955ReferentReferent
    0.265 to <0.41752451.79 (0.99–3.25)1.85 (0.97–3.54)
    ≥0.41729291.79 (0.85–3.79)1.82 (0.79–4.20)
    • a Adjusted for age, age-squared.

    • b Adjusted for age, age-squared, menopausal status, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.

    • c Cutpoints for BMI (kg/m2) are race specific: <28.16, 28.16 to <34.2, and≥ 34.2 in African-Americans; <23.50, 23.50 to <27.94, and ≥27.94 in whites.

    • d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid. Cutpoints for total PCBs are race specific, based upon controls.

  • Table 6

    ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and breast cancer, stratified by farming history

    CasesControlsORa (95% CI)ORb (95% CI)
    Never farmed
    African-Americans
    DDEc
    <0.714750ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.841371.23 (0.64–2.37)1.26 (0.61–2.62)
    ≥1.829291.05 (0.49–2.23)1.14 (0.51–2.58)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.3011587ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.6693711.09 (0.71–1.66)1.19 (0.75–1.89)
    ≥0.6657660.73 (0.46–1.18)0.76 (0.45–1.28)
    Lived or worked on farms
    African-Americans
    DDE
    <0.714240ReferentReferent
    0.71 to <1.849530.93 (0.51–1.68)0.93 (0.49–1.77)
    ≥1.884611.48 (0.82–2.68)1.65 (0.86–3.17)
    Whites
    DDE
    <0.306143ReferentReferent
    0.30 to <0.6653580.68 (0.39–1.18)0.74 (0.41–1.34)
    ≥0.6677640.99 (0.58–1.68)1.19 (0.66–2.14)
    • a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race.

    • b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race, menopausal status, BMI, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.

    • c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.

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November 2000
Volume 9, Issue 11
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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Breast Cancer among African-American and White Women in North Carolina
Robert Millikan, Emily DeVoto, Eric J. Duell, Chiu-Kit Tse, David A. Savitz, James Beach, Sharon Edmiston, Susan Jackson and Beth Newman
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 1 2000 (9) (11) 1233-1240;

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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Breast Cancer among African-American and White Women in North Carolina
Robert Millikan, Emily DeVoto, Eric J. Duell, Chiu-Kit Tse, David A. Savitz, James Beach, Sharon Edmiston, Susan Jackson and Beth Newman
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 1 2000 (9) (11) 1233-1240;
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