Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Plasma levels of DDE and total PCBs among cases and controls in the CBCS
Cases Controls Pa Mean (SD) Median Mean (SD) Median African-Americans n = 292 n = 270 DDEb 9.96 (11.1) 6.64 8.82 (8.9) 5.66 0.45 Lipid-adjusted DDEc 1.96 (2.2) 1.31 1.69 (1.7) 1.17 0.29 Total PCBsd 2.79 (2.2) 2.17 2.56 (2.3) 1.97 0.21 Lipid-adjusted total PCBse 0.56 (0.4) 0.45 0.51 (0.4) 0.43 0.08 Whites n = 456 n = 389 DDE 3.52 (4.4) 1.91 3.94 (5.8) 2.32 0.09 Lipid-adjusted DDE 0.66 (0.8) 0.40 0.76 (1.2) 0.43 0.18 Total PCBs 1.89 (1.7) 1.47 1.89 (1.2) 1.63 0.16 Lipid-adjusted total PCBs 0.38 (0.2) 0.33 0.38 (0.2) 0.35 0.42 -
a Wilcoxon rank sum test comparing medians in cases and controls.
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b p,p′-DDE in parts per billion (ng/ml), unadjusted for lipids.
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c p,p′-DDE adjusted for lipids (μg/g).
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d Total PCBs in ppb (ng/ml), unadjusted for lipids.
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e Total PCBs adjusted for lipids (μg/g).
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- Table 2
ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and PCBs and breast cancer, overall and stratified by race
Cases Controls ORa (95% CI) ORb (95% CI) All participants DDEc <0.394 274 220 Referent Referent 0.394 to <1.044 231 219 0.96 (0.73–1.25) 1.05 (0.79–1.40) ≥1.044 243 220 1.00 (0.74–1.36) 1.09 (0.79–1.51) Total PCBsd <0.283 239 219 Referent Referent 0.283 to <0.469 266 220 1.29 (0.98–1.69) 1.29 (0.97–1.72) ≥0.469 243 220 1.21 (0.89–1.65) 1.09 (0.79–1.52) African-Americans DDE <0.71 89 90 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 90 90 1.11 (0.72–1.72) 1.12 (0.70–1.77) ≥1.8 113 90 1.37 (0.87–2.17) 1.41 (0.87–2.29) Total PCBs <0.312 79 90 Referent Referent 0.312 to <0.54 97 90 1.48 (0.95–2.33) 1.35 (0.84–2.16) ≥0.54 116 90 1.79 (1.07–3.01) 1.74 (1.00–3.01) Whites DDE <0.30 176 130 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 146 129 0.91 (0.65–1.27) 0.97 (0.68–1.40) ≥0.66 134 130 0.87 (0.62–1.24) 0.98 (0.67–1.43) Total PCBs <0.265 149 130 Referent Referent 0.265 to <0.417 172 129 1.32 (0.94–1.85) 1.32 (0.92–1.90) ≥0.417 135 130 1.19 (0.81–1.74) 1.03 (0.68–1.56) -
a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race (all participants).
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b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race (all participants), menopausal status, BMI, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.
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c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.
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d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid.
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- Table 3
ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and PCBs and breast cancer, stratified by parity and history of breastfeeding
Cases Controls ORa (95% CI) ORb (95% CI) Nulliparous DDEc <0.394 41 25 Referent Referent 0.394 to <1.044 36 23 1.28 (0.59–2.78) 1.24 (0.54–2.82) ≥1.044 35 17 1.87 (0.67–5.20) 1.48 (0.49–4.46) Total PCBsd <0.283 37 25 Referent Referent 0.283 to <0.469 39 21 1.51 (0.69–3.33) 2.06 (0.88–4.85) ≥0.469 36 19 1.74 (0.67–4.54) 1.62 (0.57–4.58) Parous, never breastfed DDE <0.394 131 102 Referent Referent 0.394 to <1.044 122 123 0.86 (0.59–1.26) 0.96 (0.65–1.42) ≥1.044 134 111 1.07 (0.91–2.15) 1.23 (0.80–1.89) Total PCBs <0.283 115 112 Referent Referent 0.283 to <0.469 159 125 1.51 (1.04–2.20) 1.50 (1.01–2.23) ≥0.469 113 99 1.40 (0.91–2.15) 1.30 (0.82–2.06) Parous, ever breastfed DDE <0.394 102 93 Referent Referent 0.394 to <1.044 73 73 0.94 (0.60–1.48) 1.16 (0.70–1.90) ≥1.044 74 92 0.71 (0.41–1.21) 0.80 (0.45–1.44) Total PCBs <0.283 87 82 Referent Referent 0.283 to <0.469 68 74 0.92 (0.58–1.47) 0.90 (0.55–1.48) ≥0.469 94 102 0.95 (0.57–1.57) 0.84 (0.49–1.44) -
a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race.
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b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race, menopausal status, BMI, HRT use, and income.
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c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.
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d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid.
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- Table 4
ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and breast cancer, stratified by BMI
Case no. Control no. ORa (95% CI) ORb (95% CI) Lowest third of BMIc African-Americans DDEd <0.71 37 35 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 29 21 1.31 (0.62–2.73) 1.25 (0.57–2.73) ≥1.8 36 31 1.14 (0.55–2.35) 1.54 (0.58–3.49) Whites DDE <0.30 89 51 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 38 40 0.61 (0.34–1.08) 0.69 (0.37–1.28) ≥0.54 45 37 0.91 (0.50–1.64) 0.99 (0.52–1.88) Middle third of BMI African-Americans DDE <0.71 27 29 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 35 31 1.13 (0.51–2.49) 0.80 (0.33–1.92) ≥1.8 38 27 1.17 (0.49–2.79) 1.07 (0.41–2.76) Whites DDE <0.30 48 43 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 59 51 1.15 (0.64–2.05) 0.91 (0.48–1.74) ≥0.54 52 35 1.53 (0.81–2.91) 1.29 (0.63–2.64) Highest third of BMI African-Americans DDE <0.71 21 23 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 23 34 0.98 (0.41–2.34) 0.98 (0.37–2.55) ≥1.8 37 31 1.86 (0.77–4.49) 1.90 (0.71–5.09) Whites DDE <0.30 35 35 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 48 36 1.30 (0.68–2.50) 1.66 (0.81–3.39) ≥0.54 37 58 0.62 (0.32–1.19) 0.89 (0.43–1.82) -
a Adjusted for age and age-squared.
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b Adjusted for age, age-squared, menopausal status, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.
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c Cutpoints for BMI (kg/m2) are race specific: <28.16, 28.16 to <34.2, and≥ 34.2 in African-Americans; <23.50, 23.50 to <27.94, and ≥27.94 in whites.
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d p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid. Cutpoints for DDE are race specific, based upon controls.
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- Table 5
ORs for lipid-adjusted total PCBs and breast cancer, stratified by BMI
Cases Controls ORa (95% CI) ORb (95% CI) Lowest third of BMIc African-Americans Total PCBsd <0.312 29 24 Referent Referent 0.312 to <0.54 38 30 1.13 (0.54–2.40) 1.22 (0.54–2.73) ≥0.54 35 33 0.90 (0.38–2.11) 0.82 (0.32–2.08) Whites Total PCBs <0.265 54 36 Referent Referent 0.265 to <0.417 69 35 1.50 (0.82–2.74) 1.28 (0.67–2.42) ≥0.417 49 57 0.90 (0.47–1.71) 0.72 (0.36–1.46) Middle third of BMI African-Americans Total PCBs <0.312 24 29 Referent Referent 0.312 to <0.54 32 31 1.31 (0.59–2.90) 1.11 (0.48–2.60) ≥0.54 44 27 1.65 (0.63–4.36) 2.51 (0.85–7.45) Whites Total PCBs <0.265 53 38 Referent Referent 0.265 to <0.417 50 47 0.83 (0.45–1.52) 0.81 (0.41–1.62) ≥0.417 56 44 0.95 (0.49–1.85) 0.77 (0.36–1.65) Highest third of BMI African-Americans Total PCBs <0.312 23 33 Referent Referent 0.312 to <0.54 25 28 2.09 (0.87–5.05) 2.20 (0.86–5.63) ≥0.54 33 27 3.83 (1.42–10.34) 4.92 (1.63–14.83) Whites Total PCBs <0.265 39 55 Referent Referent 0.265 to <0.417 52 45 1.79 (0.99–3.25) 1.85 (0.97–3.54) ≥0.417 29 29 1.79 (0.85–3.79) 1.82 (0.79–4.20) -
a Adjusted for age, age-squared.
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b Adjusted for age, age-squared, menopausal status, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.
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c Cutpoints for BMI (kg/m2) are race specific: <28.16, 28.16 to <34.2, and≥ 34.2 in African-Americans; <23.50, 23.50 to <27.94, and ≥27.94 in whites.
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d Total PCBs in μg/g lipid. Cutpoints for total PCBs are race specific, based upon controls.
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- Table 6
ORs for lipid-adjusted DDE and breast cancer, stratified by farming history
Cases Controls ORa (95% CI) ORb (95% CI) Never farmed African-Americans DDEc <0.71 47 50 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 41 37 1.23 (0.64–2.37) 1.26 (0.61–2.62) ≥1.8 29 29 1.05 (0.49–2.23) 1.14 (0.51–2.58) Whites DDE <0.30 115 87 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 93 71 1.09 (0.71–1.66) 1.19 (0.75–1.89) ≥0.66 57 66 0.73 (0.46–1.18) 0.76 (0.45–1.28) Lived or worked on farms African-Americans DDE <0.71 42 40 Referent Referent 0.71 to <1.8 49 53 0.93 (0.51–1.68) 0.93 (0.49–1.77) ≥1.8 84 61 1.48 (0.82–2.68) 1.65 (0.86–3.17) Whites DDE <0.30 61 43 Referent Referent 0.30 to <0.66 53 58 0.68 (0.39–1.18) 0.74 (0.41–1.34) ≥0.66 77 64 0.99 (0.58–1.68) 1.19 (0.66–2.14) -
a Adjusted for age, age-squared, and race.
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b Adjusted for age, age-squared, race, menopausal status, BMI, parity/lactation, HRT use, and income.
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c p,p′-DDE in μg/g lipid.
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