Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Published studies of the association between organochlorine compounds and breast cancer
Study a Year (place) No. of cases/ controls Mean concentrations (SD) OR by categories Ptrend Cases Controls 1 (lowest) 2 3 4 5 (highest) A. Published studies of the association between DDT compounds and breast cancer Case-Control Adipose Tissue Davies (10) 1975 29/29 5.4 ppm 7.1 ppm Wasserman (11) 1976 (Brazil) 9/5 2.7 ppm 6.7 ppm Unger (12) 1982 (Denmark) 14/21 1.2 (0.63) ppm 1.2 (0.8) ppm Mussalo-Rauhamaa (13) 1985–86 (Finland) 41/33 0.96 (0.6) mg/kg 0.98 (0.9) mg/kg Falck (14) 1987 (United States) 20/20 1877 (1283) ng/g c 1174 (630) ng/g c van’t Veer (15) 1991–92 (Europe) 265/341 1.35 μg/g 1.51 μg/g 1.0 1.14 0.71 0.48 0.02 Dewailly (16) 1991–92 (Canada) 20/17 ER−b 0.6 (0.3) μg/g 0.7 (0.5) μg/g ER+ 2.1 (2.0) μg/g Serum Wolff (17) 1985–91 (United States) 58/171 11.0 (9.1) ppb 7.7 (6.8) ppb 1.0 1.67 4.37 2.31 3.68 0.04 Schechter (18) 1994 (Vietnam) 21/21 12.2 (2.4) ng/ml 16.8 (4.1) ng/ml 1.0 0.45 1.14 Lopez-Carillo (19) 1994–96 141/141 562.5 (676.2) ng/g c 505.5 (567.2) ng/g c 1.0 0.60 0.76 Moysich (20) 1986–91 154/192 11.5 (10.5) ng/g c 10.8 (10.6) ng/g 1.0 1.01 1.34 0.25 Prospective studies, nested case-control Serum Krieger (21) 1964–71 (United States) 150/150 43.3 (25.9) ppb 43.1 (23.7) ppb 1.0 1.31 1.26 0.43 Hunter (22) 1989–90 (United States) 240/240 6.01 (4.56) ppb c 6.97 (5.99) ppb c 1.0 0.88 0.56 0.73 0.66 0.22 Hoyer (23) 1976 (Denmark) 240/477 NA 1.0 0.79 0.92 0.84 0.65 B. Published studies of the association between PCBs and breast cancer Case-Control Adipose Tissue Wasserman (11) 1976 (Brazil) 9/5 9.1 ppm 3.0 ppm Unger (12) 1982 (Denmark) 14/21 3.9 (1.0) ppm 3.9 (1.3) ppm 18/35 6.47 ± 2.35 5.1 (2.4) ppm Mussalo-Rauhamaa (13) 1985–86 (Finland) 20/20 1.1 (0.6) mg/kg 1.3 (0.8) mg/kg Falck (14) 1987 (United States) 41/33 1669 (894) ng/g 1105 (424) ng/g Dewailly (16) 1991–92 (Canada) 20/17 ER− 0.3 (0.7) μg/g 04 (0.2) μg/g ER+ 0.4 (0.1) μg/g Serum Wolff (17) 1985–91 (United States) 58/171 8.0 ± 4.1 ppb 6.7 ± 2.9 ppb 1.0 5.18 7.02 4.10 4.35 0.16 Moysich (20) 1986–91 154/192 4.3 (2.4) mg/g c 4.1 (2.2) mg/g 1.0 0.70 1.14 0.51 Prospective studies, nested case-control Serum Krieger (21) 1964–71 (United States) 150/150 4.4 (1.8) ppb 4.8 (2.5) ppb 1.0 1.17 0.94 0.55 0.59 0.9 Hunter (22) 1989–90 (United States) 240/240 5.1 (2.5) ppb c 5.2 (2.3) ppb 1.0 0.57 0.54 0.26 Hoyer (23) 1976 (Denmark) 240/477 NA 1.0 0.92 0.78 1.11 0.77 -
a Number in parentheses cites reference.
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b ER−, estrogen receptor negative; ER+, estrogen receptor positive; NA, not available.
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c Lipid-adjusted.
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- Table 2
Characteristics of cases and controls by cohort participation
1974 1989 % cases (N = 235) % controls (N = 235) % cases (N = 105) % controls (N = 105) Age at donation ≤40 20.9 20.4 3.8 2.9 41–50 23.8 26.0 21.0 22.9 51–60 33.6 31.9 18.1 15.2 ≥61 21.7 21.7 57.1 59.1 Education <12 years 38.3 43.0 24.8 31.4 ≥12 years 61.7 57.0 75.2 68.6 Family history of breast cancer (define: mother, sister, grandmother) No 79.2 91.1 73.3 87.6 Yes 20.9 8.9 26.7 12.4 Age at first birth <20 18.7 19.2 22.9 22.9 20–29 40.4 35.7 51.4 49.5 ≥30 6.8 4.3 1.0 3.8 Nulliparous 11.9 10.2 13.3 9.5 Missing 22.1 30.6 11.4 14.3 Age at menarche <12 13.2 14.5 19.1 14.3 12–13 40.4 31.9 54.3 49.5 ≥14 17.5 17.9 16.2 22.9 Missing 28.9 35.7 10.5 13.3 Lactation (months) None 51.9 40.0 61.9 47.6 1–12 16.6 14.9 19.1 20.0 >12 6.0 9.8 5.7 17.1 Missing 25.5 35.3 13.3 15.2 Hormone replacement therapy Never 58.3 48.5 65.7 54.3 Ever 16.6 14.9 20.0 24.8 Missing 25.1 36.6 14.3 21.0 Alcohol consumption (no. of drinks/week) Never 48.1 46.8 47.6 50.5 <1 12.8 8.1 17.1 12.4 1–3 7.7 8.1 14.3 15.2 ≥4 13.2 7.2 14.3 7.6 Missing 18.3 29.8 6.7 14.3 Cigarette smoking (at donation) Never 60.0 57.5 64.8 63.8 Former 16.6 15.7 23.8 21.0 Current 23.4 26.8 11.4 15.2 Time to diagnosis <2 48.6 3–5 years 12.3 NA a 51.4 NA 6–10 17.9 11–15 28.5 ≥16 41.3 Estrogen receptor status ER-negative 11.5 NA 19.0 NA ER-positive 33.2 66.7 Unknown 55.3 14.3 -
a NA, not applicable; ER, estrogen receptor.
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- Table 3
Mean and median DDE and PCB concentrations according to cohort participation
1974 Pa 1989 Pa Mean (SD) Median Mean (SD) Median Cases Controls Cases Controls Cases Controls Cases Controls Total DDE Unadjusted (ng/ml) 11.5 (7.1) 13.6 (10.6) 9.8 11.1 0.06 7.9 (6.4) 9.7 (3.6) 6.4 7.0 0.41 Lipid-adjusted ng/gm 1698.9 (929.3) 1920.3 (1409.0) 1463.9 1668.4 0.20 1311.9 (1036.5) 1586.3 (1557.4) 1119.2 1181.7 0.56 Total PCBs Unadjusted (ng/ml) 4.9 (3.8) 4.7 (2.3) 3.9 4.2 0.21 2.1 (2.0) 2.2 (1.9) 1.6 1.7 0.37 Lipid-adjusted (ng/gm) 735.3 (644.8) 663.6 (322.5) 595.4 607.3 0.48 327.7 (306.3) 332.9 (279.6) 252.0 270.3 0.58 -
a Wilcoxon signed rank test.
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- Table 4
Association between DDE and PCBs and breast cancer risk
1974 1989 Fifths Cases Controls OR (95% CI) Thirds Cases Controls OR (95% CI) Total DDE Unadjusted 1. <6.93 62 47 1.0 1. <4.34 29 35 1.0 ng/ml 2. 6.94–9.60 52 47 0.88 (0.52–1.50) 2. 4.35–10.53 59 34 1.80 (0.97 –3.33) 3. 9.61–12.86 48 46 0.83 (0.49–1.43) 3. 10.54–57.16 17 36 0.53 (0.24–1.17) 4. 12.87–17.74 43 48 0.70 (0.40–1.22) 5. 17.75–80.33 30 47 0.50 (0.27–0.89) (Ptrend = 0.02) (Ptrend = 0.08) Lipid-adjusted 1. <1017.19 49 47 1.0 1. <816.3 38 35 1.0 ng/g 2. 1,017.20–1,425.39 61 47 1.24 (0.72–2.13) 2. 816.4–1,595.1 44 35 1.18 (0.65–2.13) 3. 1,425.40–1,864.57 47 47 0.96 (0.55–1.67) 3. 1,595.2–10,065.6 23 35 0.58 (0.29–1.17) 4. 1,864.58–2,446.69 42 47 0.86 (0.49–1.51) 5. 2,446.70– 10,795.91 36 47 0.73 (0.40–1.32) (Ptrend = 0.13) (Ptrend = 0.15) Total PCBs Unadjusted 1. <2.83 53 47 1.0 ng/ml 2. 2.84–3.71 56 47 1.07 (0.61–1.89) 1. <1.30 42 34 1.0 3. 3.72–4.77 44 47 0.80 (0.44–1.47) 2. 1.31–2.17 29 35 0.65 (0.33–1.30) 4. 4.78–6.28 42 47 0.75 (0.42–1.34) 3. 2.18–14.63 34 36 0.73 (0.37–1.46) 5. 6.29–32.60 40 47 0.68 (0.36–1.29) (Ptrend = 0.16) (Ptrend = 0.56) Lipid-adjusted 1. <394.47 42 47 1.0 ng/g 2. 394.48–558.72 59 47 1.41 (0.79–2.50) 1. 13.6–191.8 40 34 1.0 3. 558.73–669.46 41 47 0.94 (0.49–1.77) 2. 191.9–333.5 32 35 0.78 (0.41–1.47) 4. 669.47–852.22 45 47 1.08 (0.59–2.01) 3. 333.6–2,007.9 33 36 0.76 (0.38–1.51) 5. 852.23–6,460.04 48 47 1.12 (0.59–2.15) (Ptrend = 0.44) (Ptrend = 0.60) - Table 5
Association between organochlorine components and the risk of breast cancer by menopausal status at diagnosis and estrogen receptor status
1974 1989 Lower third Middle third Upper third Ptrend Lower third Middle third Upper third Ptrend DDE Premenopausal at diagnosis 1.0 0.42 0.86 (0.68) 1.0 4.28 1.42 (0.8) Postmenopausal at diagnosis 1.0 0.75 0.52 (0.003) 1.0 1.57 0.50 (0.15) Estrogen receptor-negative 1.0 1.10 1.67 (0.41) 1.0 0.74 0.17 (0.13) Estrogen receptor-positive 1.0 0.86 0.80 (0.61) 1.0 2.28 0.59 (0.19) PCB Premenopausal at diagnosis 1.0 0.65 2.21 (0.12) 1.0 1.45 2.12 (0.40) Postmenopausal at diagnosis 1.0 0.67 0.62 (0.10) 1.0 0.83 0.74 (0.44) Estrogen receptor-negative 1.0 1.13 1.34 (0.71) 1.0 0.19 0.07 (0.06) Estrogen receptor-positive 1.0 0.98 0.83 (0.69) 1.0 0.91 1.19 (0.55) - Table 6
Association between organochlorine compounds and breast cancer according to genotype, CLUE II, 1989 a
Genotype DDE PCBs Low Middle High Ptrend Low Middle High Ptrend GSTM1 Present 1.0 3.23 1.27 0.83 1.0 0.87 1.32 0.53 Null 1.0 1.49 0.27 0.01 1.0 0.59 0.50 0.16 T1 Present 1.0 2.32 0.52 0.14 1.0 0.79 0.62 0.28 Null 1.0 1.20 0.51 0.36 1.0 0.19 0.93 0.78 P1 Ile/Ile 1.0 4.20 0.52 0.30 1.0 0.64 0.58 0.34 Ile/Val or Val/Val 1.0 0.94 0.40 0.08 1.0 0.49 0.75 0.74 COMT HH 1.0 0.76 0.35 0.22 1.0 0.58 0.92 0.90 HL 1.0 1.76 0.63 0.44 1.0 1.07 0.48 0.17 LL 1.0 3.93 0.59 0.35 1.0 0.19 0.54 0.80 CYP17 A1/A1 1.0 2.64 0.47 0.17 1.0 0.54 0.35 0.11 A1/A2 1.0 2.30 1.08 0.96 1.0 0.38 1.21 0.49 A2/A2 1.0 0.86 0.05 0.04 1.0 0.84 0.49 0.36 -
a Unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age and menopausal status at baseline.
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June 1999
Volume 8, Issue 6
Volume 8, Issue 6
Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Compounds and the Subsequent Development of Breast Cancer
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