Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Age and age-adjusted characteristics of 788 study participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII, according to self-reported average body fatness at ages 5–10 years.
Childhood body fatness (average at ages 5–10 years) Level 1 (N = 263) Level 1.5–2 (N = 240) Level 2.5–3 (N = 135) Level 3.5–4 (N = 92) Level ≥4.5 (N = 58) Mean (SD) or percentage Age at biopsya, years 47.4 (10.5) 45.8 (10.6) 44.8 (10.3) 44.6 (10.8) 45.5 (7.9) Height, inches 64.7 (2.6) 64.7 (2.4) 64.7 (2.3) 65.0 (2.6) 64.8 (2.5) BMI at age 18, kg/m2 19.7 (2.3) 20.7 (2.2) 21.8 (2.5) 22.3 (2.2) 23.4 (2.8) Current adult BMIb, kg/m2 23.1 (3.4) 23.8 (3.9) 25.0 (4.6) 25.4 (4.3) 26.9 (5.2) Age at menarche, years 13.0 (1.3) 12.6 (1.3) 12.5 (1.2) 12.5 (1.3) 12.0 (1.2) Alcohol intakeb, g/d 5.9 (8.7) 5.4 (10.2) 3.9 (6.8) 5.8 (9.3) 4.4 (4.6) Physical activityb, MET-hr/wk 14.3 (17.1) 16.4 (19.0) 14.4 (15.1) 13.2 (15.8) 13.9 (15.1) Current smokingb, % 20.7 11.7 18.8 15.8 16.9 BBD subtypeb Nonproliferative, % 27.7 36.1 25.5 37.9 34.0 Proliferative without atypia, % 58.7 50.6 55.8 52.6 55.3 Atypical hyperplasia, % 13.6 13.4 18.8 9.5 10.8 Calendar year of BBD diagnosis 1950–1969, % 8.4 5.1 3.9 3.4 0.0 1970–1979, % 27.2 25.0 16.9 16.7 27.2 1980–1989, % 45.2 47.3 48.2 54.8 45.8 1990–1998, % 19.2 22.5 30.9 25.1 27.0 Parity/age at first birthb Nulliparous, % 9.4 8.5 8.9 9.2 6.1 Parous/<25 years, % 46.9 50.4 43.4 54.6 51.9 Parous/25–29 years, % 34.9 32.5 35.5 31.6 35.7 Parous/≥30 years, % 8.9 8.6 12.1 4.7 6.2 Total breastfeedingb (among parous women) <1 month, % 46.9 39.6 42.5 52.5 23.7 1–6 months, % 21.1 22.8 20.5 14.1 45.1 7–12 months, % 15.0 13.1 16.7 19.3 11.3 ≥13 months, % 17.0 24.5 20.3 14.2 19.9 Menopausal status/HT useb Premenopausal, % 63.1 64.4 69.6 66.3 65.8 Postmenopausal/non-HT users, % 14.5 15.0 15.6 19.3 11.7 Postmenopausal/current HT users, % 10.7 12.3 7.5 6.3 10.5 Unknown/missing, % 11.8 8.3 7.3 8.2 11.9 Age at menopauseb,c, years 49.0 (3.9) 48.1 (5.1) 47.6 (6.0) 46.5 (5.8) 45.1 (6.2) Family history of breast cancer, % 8.9 13.7 11.2 12.8 17.4 Note: Values are means (SD) or percentages, standardized to the age distribution of the study population, except for age. Values of polytomous variables may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
Abbreviations: BBD, benign breast disease; BMI, body mass index; HT, hormone therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
↵aValue is not age adjusted.
↵bAt the time of benign biopsy.
↵cAmong postmenopausal women only.
- Table 2.
Associations of early-life and adult anthropometric measures with log-transformed percentages of individual breast tissue types (epithelial, fibrous stroma, adipose) on benign breast biopsies in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII.
Beta coefficient (95% confidence interval) Epithelial tissue Fibrous stromal tissue Adipose tissue N Model 1a Model 2b Model 1a Model 2b Model 1a Model 2b Childhood body fatness (average at ages 5–10 years) Level 1 263 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) Level 1.5–2 240 0.04 (−0.08 to 0.15) 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.16) −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) −0.05 (−0.24 to 0.14) −0.04 (−0.23 to 0.15) Level 2.5–3 135 −0.08 (−0.21 to 0.06) −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.06) −0.003 (−0.04 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) 0.12 (−0.11 to 0.34) 0.13 (−0.10 to 0.35) Level 3.5–4 92 0.07 (−0.09 to 0.22) 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.23) −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.01) −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.0003) 0.12 (−0.13 to 0.38) 0.14 (−0.12 to 0.40) Level ≥4.5 58 0.02 (−0.16 to 0.21) 0.02 (−0.17 to 0.20) −0.05 (−0.10 to 0.002) −0.05 (−0.10 to 0.004) 0.34 (0.03 to 0.65) 0.34 (0.03 to 0.64) Ptrendc 788 0.87 0.84 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 BMI at age 18 years, kg/m2 <19.0 186 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 19.0–19.9 129 −0.04 (−0.18 to 0.11) −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.12) 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) −0.17 (−0.41 to 0.07) −0.15 (−0.39 to 0.09) 20.0–20.9 137 −0.05 (−0.19 to 0.10) −0.04 (−0.18 to 0.10) −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) 0.07 (−0.17 to 0.31) 0.09 (−0.15 to 0.33) 21.0–22.9 176 −0.07 (−0.20 to 0.07) −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.07) −0.003 (−0.04 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) 0.10 (−0.13 to 0.32) 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.33) ≥23.0 160 −0.15 (−0.29 to -0.01) −0.14 (−0.28 to 0.002) −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.003) −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01) 0.19 (−0.04 to 0.42) 0.22 (−0.005 to 0.45) Ptrendc 788 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 Current adult BMI, kg/m2 <21.0 174 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 21.0–22.9 203 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) −0.005 (−0.04 to 0.03) −0.003 (−0.04 to 0.03) −0.11 (−0.33 to 0.11) −0.13 (−0.35 to 0.09) 23.0–24.9 159 −0.09 (−0.23 to 0.06) −0.09 (−0.23 to 0.06) −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) −0.05 (−0.28 to 0.19) −0.07 (−0.30 to 0.17) 25.0–29.9 168 0.03 (−0.11 to 0.17) 0.03 (−0.11 to 0.18) −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) 0.17 (−0.06 to 0.40) 0.14 (−0.09 to 0.38) ≥30.0 84 0.05 (−0.12 to 0.22) 0.05 (−0.13 to 0.23) −0.12 (−0.16 to −0.07) −0.11 (−0.16 to −0.06) 0.40 (0.12 to 0.68) 0.34 (0.04 to 0.63) Ptrendc 788 0.57 0.59 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.001 0.003 Change in BMI since age 18, kg/m2 ≤0 112 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0.1–2.0 224 −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.08) −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01) −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.01) 0.15 (−0.10 to 0.40) 0.16 (−0.09 to 0.41) 2.1–4.0 184 −0.14 (−0.30 to 0.01) −0.14 (−0.30 to 0.02) −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) 0.15 (−0.11 to 0.42) 0.16 (−0.10 to 0.43) 4.1–7.0 156 −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.14) −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.14) −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.04) −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) 0.33 (0.05 to 0.60) 0.33 (0.06 to 0.61) >7.0 112 0.04 (−0.14 to 0.21) 0.04 (−0.13 to 0.22) −0.12 (−0.16 to −0.07) −0.12 (−0.16 to −0.07) 0.43 (0.14 to 0.71) 0.43 (0.14 to 0.72) Ptrendc 788 0.27 0.27 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.002 0.002 Height, inches <63.0 180 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) 63.0–64.9 201 −0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) −0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.18) −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.18) 65.0–65.9 105 0.02 (−0.14 to 0.17) 0.02 (−0.14 to 0.17) −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) −0.09 (−0.35 to 0.17) −0.09 (−0.35 to 0.17) 66.0–66.9 116 0.09 (−0.06 to 0.24) 0.09 (−0.06 to 0.24) −0.003 (−0.04 to 0.04) −0.002 (−0.04 to 0.04) −0.13 (−0.39 to 0.12) −0.14 (−0.39 to 0.11) ≥67.0 186 −0.001 (−0.13 to 0.13) −0.0004 (−0.13 to 0.13) −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) 0.20 (−0.03 to 0.42) 0.20 (−0.02 to 0.42) Ptrendc 788 0.60 0.60 0.23 0.22 0.12 0.11 Abbreviations: BBD, benign breast disease; BMI, body mass index; HT: hormone therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
↵aModel 1 included age at benign biopsy (years, continuous), BBD subtype (nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, atypical hyperplasia), BBD diagnosis year (1950–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1998), menopausal status/HT use (premenopausal, postmenopausal/non-HT users, postmenopausal/current HT users, other), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), parity/age at first birth (nulliparous, parous/<25 years, parous/25–29 years, parous/≥30 years), total breastfeeding (nulliparous, <1, 1–6, 7–12, ≥13 months), current smoking (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/d), and physical activity (MET-hr/wk). For change in BMI since age 18, models additionally adjusted for BMI at age 18 (kg/m2, continuous).
↵bModel 2 additionally included weight change since age 18 (kg, continuous) for childhood body fatness and BMI at age 18 exposures, and included childhood body fatness (level 1–5+, continuous) for current adult BMI, change in BMI since age 18, and height exposures in Model 1.
↵cPtrend was estimated by modeling exposures as continuous variables using category-specific median values.
- Table 3.
Associations of early-life and adult anthropometric measures with log-transformed percentages of individual breast tissue types (epithelial, fibrous stroma, adipose) on benign breast biopsies in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII, stratified by menopausal status.
Beta coefficient (95% confidence interval) N Epithelial Fibrous stromal Adipose Childhood body fatness Premenopausal Per 1-level increase 501 −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.001) 0.08 (−0.001 to 0.15) Postmenopausal/non-HT users Per 1-level increase 125 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.21) 0.0003 (−0.03 to 0.03) −0.06 (−0.19 to 0.07) Postmenopausal/current HT users Per 1-level increase 88 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.28) −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) 0.23 (−0.07 to 0.53) Pinteraction 714 0.03 0.09 0.35 BMI at age 18 Premenopausal Per 1-kg/m2 increase 501 −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.0002) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.001) 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) Postmenopausal/non-HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 125 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.07) −0.001 (−0.02 to 0.01) −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) Postmenopausal/current HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 88 −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.08) −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.01) 0.13 (−0.05 to 0.30) Pinteraction 714 0.91 0.03 0.45 Current adult BMI Premenopausal Per 1-kg/m2 increase 501 −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.001) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.004) 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) Postmenopausal/non-HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 125 0.05 (0.01 to 0.08) −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.001) −0.002 (−0.05 to 0.04) Postmenopausal/current HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 88 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08) −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.002) 0.002 (−0.08 to 0.09) Pinteraction 714 0.003 0.26 0.24 Change in BMI since age 18 Premenopausal Per 1-kg/m2 increase 501 −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.004) 0.04 (0.01 to 0.06) Postmenopausal/non-HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 125 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.001) 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.05) Postmenopausal/current HT users Per 1-kg/m2 increase 88 0.05 (0.0004 to 0.10) −0.005 (−0.02 to 0.01) −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.06) Pinteraction 714 0.005 0.53 0.25 Height Premenopausal Per 1-inch increase 501 0.003 (−0.02 to 0.02) −0.002 (−0.01 to 0.003) 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) Postmenopausal/non-HT users Per 1-inch increase 125 0.003 (−0.05 to 0.06) −0.02 (−0.03 to 0.001) 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) Postmenopausal/current HT users Per 1-inch increase 88 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) −0.002 (−0.02 to 0.02) 0.02 (−0.12 to 0.15) Pinteraction 714 0.46 0.47 0.98 Note: Adjusted for age at benign biopsy (years, continuous), BBD subtype (nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, atypical hyperplasia), BBD diagnosis year (1950–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1998), menopausal status/HT use (premenopausal, postmenopausal/non-HT users, postmenopausal/current HT users, other), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), parity/age at first birth (nulliparous, parous/<25 years, parous/25–29 years, parous/≥30 years), total breastfeeding (nulliparous, <1, 1–6, 7–12, ≥13 months), current smoking (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/d), and physical activity (MET-hr/wk). For change in BMI since age 18, models additionally adjusted for BMI at age 18 (kg/m2, continuous).
Abbreviations: BBD, benign breast disease; BMI, body mass index; HT, hormone therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
- Table 4.
Associations of early-life and adult anthropometric measures with log-transformed percentages of individual breast tissue types (epithelial, fibrous stroma, adipose) on benign breast biopsies in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII, stratified by BBD subtype.
Beta (95% confidence interval) N Epithelial Fibrous stromal Adipose Childhood body fatness Nonproliferative lesion Per 1-level increase 245 −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.07) −0.02 (−0.04 to −0.0005) 0.19 (0.07 to 0.31) Proliferative lesion without atypia Per 1-level increase 442 −0.003 (−0.05 to 0.04) −0.002 (−0.01 to 0.01) 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.10) Proliferative lesion with atypia Per 1-level increase 101 0.05 (−0.06 to 0.16) −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01) 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.22) Pinteraction 788 0.79 0.10 0.12 BMI at age 18 Nonproliferative lesion Per 1-kg/m2 increase 245 −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.01) 0.07 (0.02 to 0.12) Proliferative lesion without atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 442 −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) 0.0002 (−0.01 to 0.01) 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) Proliferative lesion with atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 101 −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) −0.01 (−0.03 to −0.003) 0.08 (0.01 to 0.14) Pinteraction 788 0.98 0.003 0.15 Current adult BMI Nonproliferative lesion Per 1-kg/m2 increase 245 −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.005) 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) Proliferative lesion without atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 442 0.003 (−0.01 to 0.02) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.003) 0.03 (0.004 to 0.05) Proliferative lesion with atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 101 −0.0005 (−0.03 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.001) 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) Pinteraction 788 0.93 0.69 0.80 Change in BMI since age 18 Nonproliferative lesion Per 1-kg/m2 increase 245 0.004 (−0.02 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.0001) 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) Proliferative lesion without atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 442 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) −0.01 (−0.02 to −0.01) 0.04 (0.004 to 0.07) Proliferative lesion with atypia Per 1-kg/m2 increase 101 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) −0.005 (−0.01 to 0.002) −0.004 (−0.04 to 0.03) Pinteraction 788 0.99 0.29 0.44 Height Nonproliferative lesion Per 1-inch increase 245 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) 0.003 (−0.01 to 0.01) 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.06) Proliferative lesion without atypia Per 1-inch increase 442 −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.001) 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) Proliferative lesion with atypia Per 1-inch increase 101 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.08) −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01) 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08) Pinteraction 788 0.36 0.10 0.74 Note: Adjusted for age at benign biopsy (years, continuous), BBD subtype (nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, atypical hyperplasia), BBD diagnosis year (1950–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1998), menopausal status/HT use (premenopausal, postmenopausal/non-HT users, postmenopausal/current HT users, other), family history of breast cancer (yes, no), parity/age at first birth (nulliparous, parous/<25 years, parous/25–29 years, parous/≥30 years), total breastfeeding (nulliparous, <1, 1–6, 7–12, ≥13 months), current smoking (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/d), and physical activity (MET-hr/wk). For change in BMI since age 18, models additionally adjusted for BMI at age 18 (kg/m2, continuous).
Abbreviations: BBD, benign breast disease; BMI, body mass index; HT, hormone therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
Volume 30, Issue 4
