Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
HR (95% CIs) of prostate cancer diagnosis by fifths of red blood cell indices. HRs are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, racial/ethnic group, height, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. HRs per 1 SD increase are adjusted for regression dilution bias.
- Figure 2.
HR (95% CIs) of prostate cancer diagnosis by fifths of platelet indices. HRs are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, racial/ethnic group, height, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. HRs per 1 SD increase are adjusted for regression dilution bias.
- Figure 3.
HR (95% CIs) of prostate cancer diagnosis by fifths of white blood cell indices. HRs are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, racial/ethnic group, height, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. HRs per 1 SD increase are adjusted for regression dilution bias.
- Figure 4.
HR (95% CIs) of prostate cancer mortality by fifths of white blood cell indices. HRs are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, racial/ethnic group, height, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. HRs per 1 SD increase are adjusted for regression dilution bias.
Tables
- Table 1.
Summary description of hematologic parameters and measurement/calculation methods by UK Biobank.
Hematologic parameter Description Measurement/calculation Red blood cell Red blood cell count (1012 cells/L) Number of red blood cells in the sample Measured Red blood cell distribution width (%) Spread of red blood cell population Deriveda Hematocrit (%) Volume occupied by red blood cells in the blood (MCV × RBC)/10 Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) Total hemoglobin concentration in sample Measured MCV (fL) Average volume of red blood cells Deriveda MCH (pg) Mass of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell (HGB/RBC) × 10 MCHC (g/dL) Average mass of hemoglobin per the relative volume of red blood cells in the whole blood sample (HGB/HCT) × 100 Reticulocyte count (1012 cells/L) Number of reticulocytes in the red blood cell sample % Reticulocyte × RBC Platelet Platelet count (109 cells/L) Number of platelets in the sample Measured Platelet distribution width (%) Variation in platelet volume Deriveda Mean platelet volume (fL) Average volume of individual platelets in the sample Deriveda White blood cell White blood cell count (109 cells/L) Number of white blood cells in the sample Measured Neutrophil count (109 cells/L) Number of neutrophils in the white blood cell sample (% Proportion of neutrophils/100) × WBC Eosinophil count (109 cells/L) Number of eosinophils in the white blood cell sample (% Proportion of eosinophils/100) × WBC Basophil count (109 cells/L) Number of basophils in the white blood cell sample (% Proportion of basophils/100) × WBC Monocyte count (109 cells/L) Number of monocytes in the white blood cell sample (% Proportion of monocytes/100) × WBC Lymphocyte count (109 cells/L) Number of lymphocytes in the white blood cell sample (% Proportion of lymphocytes/100) × WBC Note: Measurement/calculation methods were obtained from: http://biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk/showcase/showcase/docs/haematology.pdf.
Abbreviations: HCT, hematocrit; HGB, hemoglobin concentration; RBC, red blood cell count; WBC, white blood cell count.
↵aDerived values were calculated within the instrument using multiple scatterplots and histograms for each sample.
- Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and blood indices of men free from prostate cancer and men who developed prostate cancer.
All men (n = 209,686) Men who developed prostate cancer (n = 5,723) Sociodemographic Age at recruitment (years), mean (SD) 56.6 (8.2) 62.2 (5.2) Most deprived quintile, % (n) 19.8 (41,514) 15.7 (896) Black ethnicity, % (n) 1.5 (3,083) 2.0 (117) Not in paid/self-employment, % (n) 38.7 (81,179) 57.1 (3,268) Living with partner, % (n) 76.3 (160,064) 79.2 (4,533) Anthropometric, mean (SD) Height (cm) 175.6 (6.8) 175.1 (6.7) BMI (kg/m2) 27.8 (4.2) 27.6 (3.8) Lifestyle, % (n) Current cigarette smokers 12.4 (26,061) 9.2 (524) Drinking alcohol ≥20 g per day 43.3 (90,834) 42.5 (2,432) Low physical activity (0–10 METs per week) 27.4 (57,517) 26.2 (1,500) Health history, % (n) Hypertension 52.2 (109,380) 59.0 (3,376) Diabetes 6.9 (14,434) 6.0 (342) Prostate-specific factors, % (n) Ever had a PSA test 27.8 (58,279) 45.9 (2,624) Family history of prostate cancer 7.5 (15,750) 13.0 (745) Blood measures at initial assessment, median (interquartile range) Red blood cell Red blood cell count (1012 cells/L) 4.75 (4.51–4.99) 4.73 (4.49–4.98) Red blood cell distribution width (%) 13.3 (12.9–13.8) 13.4 (13.0–13.9) Hematocrit (%) 43.4 (41.5–45.2) 43.3 (41.4–45.3) Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) 15.0 (14.4–15.7) 15.0 (14.3–15.6) MCV (fL) 91.4 (88.8–94.1) 91.5 (88.9–94.2) MCH (pg) 31.7 (30.7–32.7) 31.7 (30.7–32.6) MCHC (g/dL) 34.6 (34.0–35.2) 34.5 (33.9–35.2) MSCV (fL) 82.5 (79.2–85.9) 82.6 (79.4–86.1) Reticulocyte count (1012 cells/L) 0.06 (0.05–0.08) 0.06 (0.05–0.08) Platelet Platelet count (109 cells/L) 234 (202–269) 233 (200–269) Platelet distribution width (%) 16.5 (16.2–16.9) 16.5 (16.2–16.9) Mean platelet volume (fL) 9.18 (8.54–9.90) 9.17 (8.53–9.93) White blood cell White blood cell count (109 cells/L) 6.69 (5.67–7.90) 6.70 (5.70–7.89) Neutrophil count (109 cells/L) 4.06 (3.29–5.00) 4.15 (3.36–5.09) Eosinophil count (109 cells/L) 0.15 (0.10–0.24) 0.15 (0.09–0.24) Basophil count (109 cells/L) 0.029 (0.019–0.044) 0.028 (0.019–0.043) Monocyte count (109 cells/L) 0.49 (0.39–0.61) 0.50 (0.40–0.62) Lymphocyte count (109 cells/L) 1.81 (1.47–2.21) 1.78 (1.45–2.18) Abbreviation: MET, metabolic equivalent.
- Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of 209,686 men in UK Biobank according to observed red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell count at initial assessment.
Fifths of observed red blood cell count Fifths of observed platelet count Fifths of observed white blood cell count 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 Number of men 41,446 41,786 41,034 41,102 41,230 41,157 41,325 41,892 41,266 Age at recruitmenta, y 58.5 (7.7) 56.3 (8.2) 55.1 (8.4) 57.9 (8.1) 56.5 (8.2) 55.6 (8.1) 55.2 (8.2) 56.8 (8.1) 57.4 (8.1) BMIa, kg/m2 27.1 (4.4) 27.8 (4.1) 28.6 (4.2) 28.0 (4.3) 27.8 (4.2) 27.8 (4.3) 26.7 (3.7) 27.9 (4.0) 28.8 (4.9) Heighta, cm 175.2 (6.9) 175.9 (6.8) 175.5 (6.9) 176.2 (6.9) 175.8 (6.8) 174.7 (6.8) 176.7 (6.8) 175.6 (6.8) 174.5 (6.8) Smoking, n (%) Never 17,891 (42.6) 21,231 (49.9) 22,203 (53.8) 20,969 (50.0) 20,816 (49.7) 18,965 (45.6) 24,491 (58.2) 21,593 (50.9) 14,856 (35.6) Former 17,686 (42.1) 16,128 (37.9) 14,012 (33.9) 16,087 (38.4) 15,962 (38.1) 15,834 (38.1) 15,099 (35.9) 16,675 (39.3) 15,175 (36.4) Current 6,199 (14.7) 4,981 (11.7) 4,779 (11.6) 4,618 (11.0) 4,874 (11.6) 6,531 (15.7) 2,283 (5.4) 3,909 (9.2) 11,320 (27.1) Educational level, n (%) No degree 7,466 (17.8) 8,034 (18.9) 7,993 (19.4) 7,545 (18.0) 7,831 (18.7) 8,059 (19.4) 2,219 (17.9) 7,915 (18.7) 8,220 (19.7) Degree 25,817 (61.4) 29,400 (64.1) 27,963 (62.6) 26,592 (63.4) 26,816 (63.9) 25,283 (60.3) 28,971 (68.9) 27,044 (63.8) 23,223 (55.7) Physical activity, n (%) Low 10,684 (25.4) 11,448 (26.9) 12,680 (30.7) 11,228 (26.8) 11,308 (27.0) 12,124 (29.1) 9,644 (22.9) 11,480 (27.1) 13,588 (32.6) Moderate 20,036 (47.7) 20,606 (48.4) 19,052 (46.1) 20,485 (48.8) 20,147 (48.1) 19,116 (45.9) 21,429 (50.9) 20,422 (48.1) 18,190 (43.6) High 9,991 (23.8) 9,247 (21.7) 7,958 (19.3) 8,958 (21.4) 9,186 (21.9) 8,874 (21.3) 9,886 (23.5) 9,215 (21.7) 8,295 (19.9) Ethnicity, n (%) White 40,320 (95.9) 40,481 (96.3) 36,815 (87.6) 38,949 (92.9) 39,514 (94.2) 39,326 (93.8) 38,872 (92.4) 40,164 (94.7) 39,330 (94.3) Not white 1,485 (3.5) 1,870 (4.4) 4,207 (10.2) 2,714 (6.5) 2,164 (5.2) 2,057 (5.0) 2,964 (7.0) 2,026 (4.8) 2,137 (5.1) Diabetes at baseline, n (%) No 37,762 (89.8) 39,862 (93.6) 38,456 (93.1) 38,097 (90.8) 39,100 (93.2) 38,559 (91.9) 40,243 (95.7) 39,510 (93.1) 36,720 (88.0) Yes 4,089 (9.7) 2,526 (5.9) 2,544 (6.2) 3,601 (8.6) 2,625 (6.3) 2,812 (6.8) 1,652 (3.9) 2,700 (6.4) 4,727 (11.3) Marital status, n (%) Married 31,181 (73.9) 32,935 (77.0) 31,388 (75.5) 32,116 (76.6) 32,328 (77.1) 30,742 (73.3) 32,689 (77.4) 32,865 (77.1) 29,637 (70.5) Not married 10,853 (25.7) 9,638 (22.5) 9,906 (23.8) 9,822 (23.4) 9,565 (22.8) 10,866 (25.9) 9,370 (22.2) 9,553 (22.4) 12,092 (28.8) Note: Percentages may not match due to missing data.
↵aValues are means (SD).
- Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for prostate cancer by time to diagnosis in relation to hematologic indices.
Diagnosed <4 years from baseline Diagnosed ≥4 years from baseline Cases HR (95% CI) Cases HR (95% CI) Phet Red blood cell Red blood cell count (1012 cells/L) 2,938 1.04 (1.01–1.08) 2,785 1.10 (1.06–1.14) 0.07 Red blood cell distribution width (%) 2,938 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 2,785 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 0.77 Hematocrit (%) 2,938 1.01 (0.98–1.05) 2,785 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 0.52 Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) 2,938 1.01 (0.97–1.04) 2,785 1.01 (0.97–1.05) 0.98 MCV (fL) 2,938 0.95 (0.91–0.99) 2,785 0.90 (0.86–0.93) 0.04 MCH (pg) 2,938 0.95 (0.91–0.99) 2,785 0.88 (0.85–0.92) 0.01 MCHC (g/dL) 2,938 0.99 (0.95–1.02) 2,785 0.94 (0.91–0.98) 0.13 MSCV (fL) 2,886 0.97 (0.93–1.01) 2,746 0.90 (0.86–0.94) 0.01 Reticulocyte count (1012 cells/L) 2,885 0.98 (0.94–1.03) 2,746 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 0.57 Platelet Platelet count (109 cells/L) 2,938 1.03 (0.99–1.06) 2,785 1.09 (1.05–1.13) 0.02 Platelet distribution width (%) 2,938 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 2,785 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 0.96 Mean platelet volume (fL) 2,885 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 2,729 1.02 (0.98–1.05) 0.42 White blood cell White blood cell count (109 cells/L) 2,932 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 2,778 1.04 (1.00–1.08) 0.12 Neutrophil count (109 cells/L) 2,931 1.01 (0.97–1.05) 2,780 1.05 (1.01–1.09) 0.17 Eosinophils (109 cells/L) 2,930 0.97 (0.93–1.01) 2,777 0.98 (0.94–1.02) 0.87 Basophil count (109 cells/L) 2,920 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 2,766 0.98 (0.94–1.03) 0.51 Monocyte count (109 cells/L) 2,931 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 2,780 1.00 (0.96–1.05) 0.88 Lymphocyte count (109 cells/L) 2,931 0.97 (0.93–1.02) 2,780 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 0.34 Note: HRs per 1 SD increase are stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, racial/ethnic group, height, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. Phet was estimated using stratified Cox models based on competing risks (<4 and ≥4 years from recruitment to diagnosis), and tested using the χ2 test of heterogeneity.
Volume 29, Issue 8
