Cancer Site–Specific Disparities in New York, Including the 1945–1965 Birth Cohort's Impact on Liver Cancer Patterns

Paulo S. Pinheiro; Karen E. Callahan; Francis P. Boscoe; Raymond R. Balise; Taylor R. Cobb; David J. Lee; Erin Kobetz

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0194

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0194 Published August 2018

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Figure 1.
Increased mortality for liver cancer among PR men and U.S.-born black men and women in the 1945–1965 birth cohort. Age-specific rates by racial/ethnic group (age-specific rates per 100,000 for the age group 65–69 born outside the birth cohort were as follows: males NHW 26.9, NHB 50.9, Asian 41.5, Hispanic 51.5, USB black 67.5, PR 76.8; females NHW 9.4, NHB 10.5, Asian 12.6, Hispanic 21.0, USB blacks 10.8, PR 33.8) New York State, 2008–2014.

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Table 1.

Study population characteristics, New York (2008–2014)

	Population data^a		Cancer decedents data (2008–2014)
	Total population^b	Foreign-born^c	Cancer deaths	Foreign-born^c	Black race^d	From New York City	Top country of birth
Non-Hispanic white	11,328,035	10%	182,696	13%	0%	22%	USA, 87%
All Non-Hispanic black	2,968,524	27%	33,499	26%	100%	69%	USA, 74%
U.S.-born black	2,154,932	0%	24,725	0%		65%	USA, 100%
Caribbean-born black	575,260	100%	6,346	100%		81%	Jamaica, 40%
Other foreign-born black	238,332	100%	2,428	100%		85%	Guyana, 30%
Asian^e	1,600,999	68%	8,516	96%	0%	80%	China, 50%
All Hispanic	3,505,408	50%	19,527	85%	5%	79%	Puerto Rico, 38%
Puerto Rican	1,122,741	28%	9,774	79%	2%	80%	Puerto Rico, 78%
Central American	405,819	64%	1,626	97%	26%	70%	Panama, 24%
South American	608,785	68%	2,746	98%	1%	74%	Ecuador, 29%
Dominican	775,273	61%	3,585	97%	8%	90%	Dominican Republic, 96%
Other Hispanics^f	592,790	52%	1,796	69%	4%	68%	Cuba, 34%

↵^aSingle-year American Community Surveys, 2008—2014.
↵^bAnnualized.
↵^cOutside 50 U.S. states.
↵^dIncludes single race as well as black in combination with one other race.
↵^eIncludes 2% Pacific Islanders.
↵^fIncludes Cubans, Mexicans, and Spaniards.

Table 2.

Annual age-adjusted^a mortality rates per 100,000 for selected cancers by race/ethnicity, New York (2008–2014: male)

				Selected black subgroups			Selected Hispanic subgroups
	Non-Hispanic white	Asian/Pacific Islander	Non-Hispanic black all^f	U.S.-born black	Caribbean-born black	Hispanic all^f	Puerto Rican	Dominican	Central American	South American
	n = 91,500	n = 4,709	n = 15,850	n = 11,801	n = 2,871	n = 9,899	n = 5,177	n = 1,644	n = 744	n = 1,322
	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)
Oral cavity and pharynx	3.2 (3.0–3.3)	3.2 (2.6–3.8)	4.3 (3.8–4.8)	5.8 (5.1–6.6)	1.4 (0.9–2.3)	2.9 (2.5–3.4)	4.9 (4.1–5.8)	1.8 (1.1–2.6)	1.5 (0.7–2.8)	0.9 (0.4–1.6)
Esophagus	7.8 (7.6–8.1)	3.0 (2.5–3.6)	6.1 (5.5–6.7)	7.7 (6.9–8.6)	3.5 (2.7–4.8)	4.6 (4.1–5.1)	7.2 (6.2–8.3)	4.0 (2.9–5.3)	2.7 (1.4–4.6)	1.8 (1.1–2.8)
Stomach	4.2 (4.0–4.4)	9.5 (8.5–10.6)	9.2 (8.5–10.0)	9.5 (8.5–10.5)	8.3 (7.0–9.9)	7.2 (6.6–8.0)	7.8 (6.7–9.0)	5.2 (4.0–6.6)	11.5 (8.7–14.8)	7.1 (5.7–8.8)
Colorectum	16.9 (16.5–17.3)	12.8 (11.6–14.1)	22.7 (21.5–23.9)	26.7 (25.1–28.3)	14.5 (12.9–16.5)	15.6 (14.6–16.6)	21.7 (19.9–23.6)	11.2 (9.4–13.3)	13.0 (10.0–16.6)	11.7 (9.8–13.9)
Liver^b	7.2 (6.9–7.4)	13.1 (11.9–14.3)	13.1 (12.3–13.9)	17.7 (16.6–19.0)	5.1 (4.2–6.5)	12.7 (11.9–13.6)	21.3 (19.7–23.1)	7.8 (6.3–9.5)	8.5 (6.0–11.5)	6.6 (5.2–8.2)
1945–1965 birth cohort^c	2.7 (2.5–2.8)	4.6 (4.0–5.3)	6.8 (6.2–7.4)	10.0 (9.1–11.0)	1.7 (1.2–2.7)	5.8 (5.3–6.4)	11.5 (10.3–12.8)	2.7 (1.9–3.7)	2.5 (1.4–4.3)	2.0 (1.4–2.9)
Outside birth cohort	4.5 (4.3–4.7)	8.4 (7.4–9.7)	6.3 (5.6–7.1)	7.7 (6.7–8.9)	3.4 (2.6–4.9)	6.9 (6.1–7.9)	9.8 (8.3–11.8)	5.1 (3.8–7.3)	5.9 (3.6–10.0)	4.6 (3.4–6.9)
Pancreas	13.7 (13.4–14.0)	8.1 (7.2–9.1)	13.3 (12.4–14.2)	15.8 (14.6–17.0)	8.2 (6.9–9.8)	9.1 (8.4–9.9)	10.4 (9.2–11.7)	8.9 (7.3–10.8)	8.8 (6.3–12.0)	7.8 (6.2–9.6)
Lung^d	53.1 (52.5–53.8)	32.5 (30.6–34.5)	53.8 (52.0–55.6)	73.3 (70.7–76.0)	22.0 (20.0–24.4)	29.2 (27.9–30.6)	40.0 (37.5–42.5)	24.1 (21.3–27.2)	21.5 (17.2–26.4)	16.7 (14.2–19.3)
Prostate	17.6 (17.2–18.0)	7.7 (6.7–8.8)	43.4 (41.7–45.2)	45.3 (43.1–47.6)	36.8 (33.9–40.0)	19.3 (18.1–20.6)	21.6 (19.6–23.7)	20.0 (17.3–23.0)	29.5 (24.0–35.7)	13.2 (10.9–15.9)
Kidney	5.3 (5.1–5.5)	2.4 (1.9–2.9)	4.1 (3.7–4.7)	5.0 (4.3–5.7)	2.2 (1.6–3.3)	2.8 (2.4–3.2)	3.7 (3.0–4.5)	1.3 (0.7–2.1)	2.8 (1.5–4.6)	2.8 (1.9–4.0)
Bladder	9.1 (8.9–9.4)	2.9 (2.3–3.5)	5.5 (4.9–6.2)	6.6 (5.8–7.5)	3.8 (2.9–5.2)	4.3 (3.8–4.9)	5.3 (4.4–6.4)	3.9 (2.8–5.3)	2.5 (1.1–4.7)	3.0 (2.0–4.4)
Brain	5.4 (5.2–5.6)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)	2.7 (2.3–3.1)	3.1 (2.6–3.6)	2.0 (1.5–3.1)	2.7 (2.4–3.2)	3.1 (2.5–3.8)	2.6 (1.8–3.6)	2.4 (1.3–4.0)	2.5 (1.8–3.5)
CUP	10.1 (9.9–10.4)	4.8 (4.1–5.6)	10.5 (9.7–11.3)	13.1 (12.0–14.2)	5.6 (4.6–7.0)	7.1 (6.5–7.8)	9.6 (8.4–10.9)	5.8 (4.5–7.4)	4.8 (2.9–7.1)	5.0 (3.7–6.6)
NHL	7.8 (7.5–8.0)	4.3 (3.6–5.0)	5.8 (5.2–6.4)	5.9 (5.2–6.7)	5.4 (4.4–6.8)	6.2 (5.6–6.9)	6.8 (5.8–7.8)	6.0 (4.7–7.6)	6.1 (4.1–8.6)	6.5 (5.0–8.2)
Myeloma	3.6 (3.4–3.8)	1.4 (1.0–1.9)	6.5 (5.9–7.2)	6.6 (5.8–7.4)	6.5 (5.5–8.0)	3.4 (3.0–4.0)	3.4 (2.7–4.2)	3.9 (2.8–5.2)	3.6 (2.0–5.7)	3.8 (2.7–5.2)
Leukemia	9.5 (9.2–9.8)	4.1 (3.5–4.8)	7.0 (6.4–7.7)	7.5 (6.6–8.3)	6.1 (5.0–7.5)	5.9 (5.3–6.5)	5.5 (4.7–6.5)	6.2 (4.8–7.7)	5.7 (3.7–8.3)	6.8 (5.3–8.6)
All-sites-combined^e	193.3 (192.0–194.6)	120.4 (116.7–124.2)	224.3 (220.6–228.0)	269.5 (264.5–274.6)	140.7 (135.3–146.4)	146.3 (143.2–149.4)	190.7 (185.2–196.2)	122.8 (116.4–129.5)	134.0 (123.1–145.5)	106.9 (100.6–113.4)

Abbreviations: CUP, cancers of unknown primary; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
↵^a2000 U.S. Standard Population.
↵^bIncludes intrahepatic bile duct.
↵^cHigh HCV prevalence birth cohort; age-adjusted rates for liver cohorts originate from different age groups and thus should only be compared across populations, not within.
↵^dIncludes bronchus.
↵^eAll sites-combined includes those listed as well as those not listed here.
↵^f“All” includes those who fall in this race/ethnicity category but not specifically studied here.

Table 3.

Annual age-adjusted^a mortality rates per 100,000 for selected cancers by race/ethnicity (New York, 2008–2014; female)

				Selected black subgroups			Selected Hispanic subgroups
	Non-Hispanic white	Asian/Pacific Islander	Non-Hispanic black all^g	U.S.-born black	Caribbean-born black	Hispanic all^g	Puerto Rican	Dominican	Central American	South American
	n = 91,196	n = 3,807	n = 17,649	n = 12,924	3,475	n = 9,628	n = 4,597	n = 1,941	n = 882	n = 1,424
	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95%CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)	Rate (95% CI)
Oral cavity and pharynx	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	1.9 (1.6–2.3)	0.8 (0.5–1.5)	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	0.7 (0.3–1.6)	0.7 (0.4–1.2)
Esophagus	1.7 (1.6–1.8)	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	1.9 (1.6–2.2)	2.6 (2.2–3.0)	0.8 (0.5–1.5)	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.6 (1.2–2.0)	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	1.0 (0.4–1.9)	0.8 (0.4–1.3)
Stomach	2.1 (2.0–2.2)	4.0 (3.5–4.7)	4.6 (4.2–5.0)	4.5 (4.0–5.0)	4.5 (3.8–5.5)	3.9 (3.5–4.3)	3.8 (3.2–4.4)	2.8 (2.2–3.6)	6.7 (5.0–8.6)	4.5 (3.6–5.6)
Colorectum	12.3 (12.0–12.6)	8.0 (7.2–8.8)	15.2 (14.4–15.9)	17.3 (16.3–18.2)	11.1 (10.0–12.5)	10.0 (9.3–10.6)	13.3 (12.1–14.5)	8.4 (7.2–9.7)	9.4 (7.4–11.8)	6.5 (5.4–7.8)
Liver^b	2.9 (2.8–3.1)	4.9 (4.3–5.6)	4.0 (3.6–4.4)	4.5 (4.0–5.0)	3.0 (2.4–3.9)	5.2 (4.7–5.7)	6.2 (5.5–7.1)	5.5 (4.5–6.6)	4.7 (3.3–6.4)	4.4 (3.4–5.4)
1945–1965 birth cohort^c	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	1.0 (0.8–1.4)	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	2.2 (1.8–2.7)	0.6 (0.3–1.4)	1.6 (1.3–1.8)	2.2 (1.8–2.8)	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	1.1 (0.5–2.3)	1.1 (0.7–1.8)
Outside birth cohort	2.2 (2.1–2.3)	3.9 (3.3–4.7)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)	2.3 (1.9–2.8)	2.3 (1.8–3.4)	3.6 (3.2–4.2)	4.0 (3.3–5.0)	4.2 (3.3–5.6)	3.7 (2.4–7.9)	3.3 (2.3–4.6)
Pancreas	10.2 (9.9–10.4)	6.5 (5.7–7.2)	11.3 (10.6–11.9)	13.2 (12.4–14.1)	7.0 (6.1–8.1)	7.1 (6.5–7.6)	8.4 (7.5–9.3)	5.4 (4.5–6.5)	7.3 (5.6–9.4)	6.7 (5.5–8.0)
Lung^d	39.4 (38.9–39.9)	15.6 (14.5–16.8)	29.3 (28.3–30.3)	41.6 (40.1–43.1)	8.3 (7.4–9.5)	14.4 (13.7–15.2)	20.6 (19.2–22.1)	11.0 (9.6–12.5)	9.3 (7.3–11.6)	9.4 (8.0–11.0)
Female breast	21.0 (20.7–21.4)	9.1 (8.3–9.9)	27.9 (27.0–28.9)	31.2 (30.0–32.6)	20.7 (19.2–22.5)	14.7 (13.9–15.4)	18.1 (16.8–19.5)	13.3 (11.9–14.9)	15.1 (12.6–17.8)	11.2 (9.7–12.8)
Premenopausal^e	3.0 (2.8–3.1)	1.8 (1.5–2.2)	5.7 (5.2–6.2)	6.0 (5.4–6.7)	5.0 (4.2–6.1)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)	2.9 (2.4–3.5)	2.8 (2.2–3.5)	1.6 (1.0–2.5)	2.2 (1.6–2.9)
Postmenopausal	18.0 (17.8–18.4)	7.2 (6.5–8.0)	22.3 (21.4–23.1)	25.2 (24.1–26.4)	15.7 (14.5–17.2)	12.3 (11.6–13.0)	15.2 (14.0–16.5)	10.6 (9.3–12.0)	13.5 (11.1–16.1)	9.0 (7.7–10.5)
Cervix	1.8 (1.7–1.9)	1.6 (1.2–1.9)	4.4 (4.0–4.8)	4.8 (4.3–5.4)	3.7 (3.1–4.6)	2.9 (2.6–3.2)	3.9 (3.3–4.5)	2.8 (2.2–3.6)	2.5 (1.7–3.7)	2.2 (1.6–2.9)
Endometrium	4.9 (4.7–5.1)	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	10.2 (9.7–10.8)	10.8 (10.0–11.5)	8.5 (7.6–9.7)	4.1 (3.8–4.6)	4.8 (4.1–5.5)	3.8 (3.0–4.7)	7.6 (5.8–9.7)	2.5 (1.8–3.3)
Ovary	8.4 (8.2–8.6)	4.5 (3.9–5.1)	6.6 (6.1–7.1)	7.0 (6.4–7.6)	5.2 (4.5–6.2)	4.8 (4.4–5.3)	5.6 (4.8–6.4)	4.1 (3.3–5.0)	6.4 (4.9–8.3)	4.0 (3.1–5.0)
Kidney	2.2 (2.1–2.3)	1.0 (0.8–1.4)	1.7 (1.4–1.9)	2.1 (1.8–2.5)	0.7 (0.4–1.4)	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	0.6 (0.3–1.0)	1.4 (0.7–2.4)	1.0 (0.6–1.6)
Bladder	2.6 (2.5–2.7)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	2.2 (1.9–2.5)	2.6 (2.3–3.0)	1.4 (1.0–2.2)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	1.5 (0.7–2.6)	0.8 (0.4–1.4)
Brain	3.7 (3.5–3.8)	1.5 (1.2–1.9)	1.8 (1.5–2.0)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)	1.9 (1.4–2.7)	2.0 (1.8–2.3)	2.4 (1.9–2.9)	2.1 (1.6–2.8)	1.3 (0.7–2.1)	1.9 (1.3–2.6)
CUP	7.4 (7.2–7.6)	3.2 (2.7–3.8)	7.3 (6.8–7.8)	8.7 (8.0–9.4)	4.9 (4.2–5.9)	4.6 (4.2–5.1)	5.2 (4.5–5.9)	4.4 (3.6–5.4)	5.1 (3.7–6.8)	4.1 (3.2–5.2)
NHL	4.8 (4.6–5.0)	2.5 (2.1–3.0)	3.5 (3.1–3.8)	3.5 (3.1–4.0)	3.0 (2.5–3.9)	3.5 (3.1–3.9)	4.1 (3.5–4.8)	3.2 (2.5–4.0)	3.3 (2.2–4.7)	3.4 (2.6–4.4)
Myeloma	2.3 (2.2–2.5)	0.9 (0.6–1.2)	4.3 (4.0–4.7)	4.6 (4.1–5.2)	3.9 (3.2–4.8)	2.2 (1.9–2.6)	2.4 (1.9–3.0)	3.3 (2.6–4.2)	1.8 (1.0–2.9)	1.5 (1.0–2.2)
Leukemia	5.1 (5.0–5.3)	2.5 (2.0–2.9)	3.6 (3.3–4.0)	3.8 (3.3–4.2)	2.7 (2.2–3.6)	3.9 (3.5–4.3)	4.3 (3.7–5.0)	3.6 (2.9–4.5)	3.9 (2.7–5.3)	3.2 (2.4–4.1)
All-sites-combined^f	145.4 (144.4–146.3)	76.5 (74.0–79.1)	151.7 (149.5–154.0)	178.2 (175.1–181.3)	99.9 (96.5–103.5)	96.2 (94.3–98.2)	119.7 (116.2–123.2)	83.5 (79.7–87.4)	98.3 (91.7–105.2)	75.8 (71.8–80.0)

Abbreviations: CUP, cancers of unknown primary; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
↵^a2000 U.S. Standard Population.
↵^bIncludes intrahepatic bile duct.
↵^cHigh HCV prevalence birth cohort; age-adjusted rates for liver cohorts originate from different age groups and thus should only be compared across populations, not within.
↵^dIncludes bronchus.
↵^eCutoff of age 50 used to approximate pre- and postmenopausal status; age-adjusted breast cohorts originate from different age groups and thus should only be compared across populations, not within.
↵^fAll-sites-combined includes those listed as well as those not listed here.
↵^g"All" includes those who fall in this race/ethnicity category but not specifically studied here.

Table 4.

Mortality rate ratios^a for selected cancers (New York, 2008–2014)

		Aggregated racial/ethnic groups			Selected racial/ethnic subgroups
		Non-Hispanic black	Asian	Hispanic	Puerto Rican	U.S.-born black	Caribbean-born black
	NHW	MRR (95% CI)	MRR (95% CI)	MRR (95% CI)	MRR (95% CI)	MRR (95% CI)	MRR (95% CI)
Males
Oral	1	1.42 (1.26–1.59)	0.97 (0.82–1.16)	0.93 (0.81–1.07)	1.48 (1.09–2.02)	1.93 (1.70–2.19)	0.48 (0.34–0.67)
Esophagus	1	0.80 (0.72–0.88)	0.37 (0.31–0.44)	0.58 (0.52–0.65)	0.87 (0.69–1.09)	1.03 (0.92–1.14)	0.42 (0.34–0.53)
Stomach	1	2.20 (2.01–2.41)	2.26 (2.03–2.53)	1.80 (1.63–1.99)	1.85 (1.56–2.18)	2.30 (2.07–2.57)	1.92 (1.64–2.25)
Colorectum	1	1.41 (1.32–1.51)	0.72 (0.65–0.79)	0.94 (0.87–1.01)	1.32 (1.09–1.59)	1.68 (1.52–1.86)	0.90 (0.79–1.03)
Liver^b	1	2.01 (1.59–2.54)	2.20 (1.71–2.81)	1.72 (1.36–2.16)	2.95 (1.89–4.63)	2.48 (2.02–3.05)	0.73 (0.55–0.96)
1945–1965 birth cohort^c	1	2.54 (2.31–2.79)	1.67 (1.46–1.90)	2.12 (1.92–2.34)	4.27 (3.82–4.78)	3.81 (3.45–4.20)	0.63 (0.47–0.83)
Outside birth cohort	1	1.51 (1.17–1.95)	2.03 (1.55–2.66)	1.51 (1.19–1.93)	2.22 (1.92–2.56)	1.70 (1.49–1.94)	0.72 (0.55–0.95)
Pancreas	1	1.01 (0.94–1.08)	0.55 (0.49–0.62)	0.68 (0.63–0.74)	0.82 (0.62–1.09)	1.23 (1.09–1.39)	0.57 (0.47–0.68)
Lung^d	1	1.12 (0.99–1.25)	0.59 (0.52–0.67)	0.55 (0.49–0.62)	0.80 (0.71–0.89)	1.49 (1.35–1.65)	0.44 (0.39–0.50)
Prostate^e	1	2.74 (2.51–3.00)	0.43 (0.37–0.50)	1.15 (1.04–1.27)	1.29 (1.13–1.48)	3.00 (2.67–3.37)	2.23 (1.97–2.54)
Kidney	1	0.78 (0.69–0.89)	0.44 (0.36–0.54)	0.52 (0.45–0.61)	0.71 (0.58–0.86)	0.96 (0.83–1.10)	0.39 (0.29–0.53)
Bladder	1	0.62 (0.55–0.69)	0.30 (0.24–0.36)	0.47 (0.41–0.53)	0.61 (0.51–0.72)	0.75 (0.67–0.86)	0.38 (0.30–0.49)
NHL	1	0.90 (0.75–1.09)	0.56 (0.45–0.70)	0.90 (0.75–1.09)	1.01 (0.78–1.31)	0.93 (0.73–1.19)	0.78 (0.58–1.03)
Myeloma	1	2.06 (1.73–2.44)	0.43 (0.32–0.58)	1.02 (0.85–1.24)	1.03 (0.79–1.36)	2.10 (1.70–2.59)	2.04 (1.61–2.59)
Leukemia	1	0.82 (0.73–0.93)	0.43 (0.36–0.52)	0.61 (0.54–0.70)	0.59 (0.47–0.75)	0.93 (0.77–1.11)	0.69 (0.54–0.87)
All-sites-combined^f	1	1.21 (1.18–1.24)	0.61 (0.59–0.63)	0.77 (0.75–0.79)	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	1.49 (1.36–1.63)	0.72 (0.66–0.80)
Females
Stomach	1	2.15 (1.94–2.39)	1.95 (1.68–2.27)	1.85 (1.65–2.08)	1.85 (1.56–2.20)	2.15 (1.90–2.42)	2.09 (1.76–2.48)
Colorectum	1	1.26 (1.19–1.34)	0.65 (0.58–0.72)	0.81 (0.76–0.88)	1.14 (1.01–1.29)	1.51 (1.36–1.67)	0.93 (0.82–1.07)
Liver^b	1	1.48 (1.26–1.74)	1.68 (1.39–2.02)	1.82 (1.55–2.12)	2.22 (1.74–2.82)	1.67 (1.32–2.10)	0.96 (0.72–1.28)
1945–1965 birth cohort^c	1	2.18 (1.83–2.60)	1.38 (1.05–1.81)	2.10 (1.75–2.52)	2.97 (2.28–3.87)	2.94 (2.34–3.69)	0.75 (0.48–1.17)
Outside birth cohort	1	1.09 (0.95–1.26)	1.78 (1.50–2.12)	1.64 (1.44–1.86)	1.80 (1.50–2.17)	1.05 (0.89–1.24)	1.08 (0.84–1.38)
Pancreas	1	1.10 (1.04–1.17)	0.61 (0.54–0.68)	0.69 (0.64–0.75)	0.86 (0.74–0.99)	1.36 (1.22–1.53)	0.67 (0.58–0.79)
Lung^d	1	0.80 (0.71–0.90)	0.40 (0.35–0.46)	0.37 (0.33–0.42)	0.55 (0.48–0.63)	1.15 (1.02–1.29)	0.21 (0.18–0.25)
Breast	1	1.33 (1.27–1.39)	0.45 (0.41–0.49)	0.69 (0.65–0.74)	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	1.49 (1.41–1.57)	0.97 (0.89–1.05)
Premenopausal^g	1	1.88 (1.69–2.09)	0.63 (0.52–0.78)	0.79 (0.69–0.91)	0.97 (0.79–1.20)	2.06 (1.82–2.32)	1.47 (1.22–1.77)
Postmenopausal	1	1.24 (1.18–1.30)	0.42 (0.38–0.46)	0.68 (0.64–0.72)	0.84 (0.77–0.92)	1.40 (1.32–1.48)	0.90 (0.82–0.98)
Cervix	1	2.46 (2.21–2.75)	0.83 (0.66–1.05)	1.60 (1.40–1.82)	2.10 (1.76–2.51)	2.66 (2.35–3.02)	2.01 (1.67–2.41)
Endometrium	1	2.01 (1.80–2.24)	0.42 (0.34–0.52)	0.84 (0.74–0.96)	0.97 (0.83–1.13)	2.15 (1.97–2.36)	1.69 (1.49–1.92)
Ovary	1	0.78 (0.73–0.84)	0.56 (0.49–0.63)	0.57 (0.52–0.62)	0.65 (0.56–0.74)	0.83 (0.76–0.91)	0.62 (0.54–0.72)
Kidney	1	0.75 (0.65–0.87)	0.47 (0.35–0.62)	0.50 (0.41–0.60)	0.61 (0.46–0.81)	0.97 (0.82–1.15)	0.30 (0.20–0.46)
Bladder	1	0.86 (0.75–0.98)	0.45 (0.34–0.59)	0.57 (0.48–0.68)	0.80 (0.64–1.00)	1.01 (0.87–1.17)	0.56 (0.42–0.75)
NHL	1	0.99 (0.77–1.28)	0.55 (0.41–0.74)	0.82 (0.64–1.06)	1.03 (0.74–1.44)	0.96 (0.69–1.32)	0.84 (0.59–1.19)
Myeloma	1	1.84 (1.67–2.04)	0.38 (0.28–0.52)	0.96 (0.83–1.10)	1.05 (0.85–1.29)	1.96 (1.74–2.21)	1.64 (1.38–1.96)
Leukemia	1	0.68 (0.61–0.76)	0.46 (0.38–0.56)	0.70 (0.63–0.79)	0.80 (0.68–0.95)	0.71 (0.62–0.81)	0.52 (0.42–0.64)
All-sites-combined^f	1	1.14 (1.05–1.23)	0.54 (0.50–0.59)	0.67 (0.62–0.73)	0.86 (0.78–0.95)	1.33 (1.22–1.46)	0.74 (0.67–0.81)

Abbreviations: CUP, cancers of unknown primary; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NHW, non-Hispanic white.
↵^aMRRs derived from negative binomial regression including ages 35+ for all cancers, prostate 45+.
↵^bIncludes intrahepatic bile duct.
↵^cHigh HCV prevalence birth cohort (1945–1965).
↵^dIncludes bronchus.
↵^eIncludes ages 45+.
↵^fAll sites combined includes those listed as well as those not listed here.
↵^gCutoff of age 50 used to approximate pre- and postmenopausal status.