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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Null Results in Brief

Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study

Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Line Ravnskjær, Klaus Kaae Andersen, Steffen Loft, Jørgen Brandt, Thomas Becker, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Elsebeth Lynge and Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner
Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
1Department of Public Health, Center for Epidemiology and Screening, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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  • For correspondence: zorana.andersen@sund.ku.dk
Line Ravnskjær
2Danish Centre for Cancer Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Klaus Kaae Andersen
2Danish Centre for Cancer Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Steffen Loft
1Department of Public Health, Center for Epidemiology and Screening, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jørgen Brandt
3Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Thomas Becker
3Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Matthias Ketzel
3Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Ole Hertel
3Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Elsebeth Lynge
1Department of Public Health, Center for Epidemiology and Screening, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner
4Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet – Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.
5Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Capital Region of Denmark Bispebjerg - Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0578 Published March 2017
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Tables

  • Table 1.

    Characteristics of the nurses from the DNC at baseline in 1993 or 1999, by incident breast cancer status at follow-up

    TotalBreast cancerNo breast cancer
    n = 22,877n = 1,145n = 21,732
    Age, mean (SD)52.9 (7.8)53.2 (7.3)52.9 (7.8)
    Premenopausal, n (%)11,579 (51.0)583 (51.5)10,996 (51.0)
    Postmenopausal, n (%)11,120 (49.0)548 (48.5)10,572 (49.0)
    Menarche ≤ 12, n (%)5,477 (24.1)290 (25.6)5,187 (24.0)
    Menarche > 12, n (%)17,222 (75.9)841 (74.4)16,381 (76.0)
    BMI, mean (SD)23.7 (3.5)23.8 (3.5)23.7 (3.5)
    Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), n (%)532 (2.3)22 (1.9)510 (2.4)
    Normal (18.5–25 kg/m2), n (%)15,698 (69.2)801 (70.8)14,987 (69.1)
    Overweight (25–30 kg/m2), n (%)5,167 (22.8)239 (21.1)4,928 (22.8)
    Obese (≥30 kg/m2), n (%)1,302 (5.7)69 (6.1)1,233 (5.7)
    Never smoked, n (%)7,956 (35.1)359 (31.7)7,597 (35.2)
    Previously smoked, n (%)6,922 (30.5)330 (29.2)6,592 (30.6)
    Current smoker, n (%)7,821 (34.5)442 (39.1)7,379 (34.2)
    Smoking intensity (g/day), mean (SD)7.8 (9.2)8.4 (8.8)7.8 (9.2)
    Never consumed alcohol, n (%)3,894 (17.2)195 (17.2)3,699 (17.2)
    Alcohol use in drinkers (g/week), mean (SD)112.5 (127.6)120.7 (119.8)112.1 (127.9)
    Low physical activity, n (%)1,496 (6.6)71 (6.3)1,425 (6.6)
    Medium physical activity, n (%)6,132 (27.0)299 (26.4)5,833 (27.0)
    High physical activity, n (%)15,071 (66.4)761 (67.3)14,310 (66.3)
    Nulliparous, n (%)3,163 (10.3)180 (15.9)2,983 (13.8)
    Gave birth to 1 child, n (%)2,680 (11.8)140 (12.4)2,540 (11.8)
    Gave birth to 2 children, n (%)9,648 (42.5)467 (41.3)9,181 (42.6)
    Gave birth to 3 children, n (%)5,499 (24.2)271 (24.0)5,228 (24.2)
    Gave birth to 4 children or more, n (%)1,709 (7.5)73 (6.5)1,636 (7.6)
    Age at first birth 15–24 years, n (%)8,123 (35.8)383 (33.9)7,740 (35.9)
    Age at first birth 25–29 years, n (%)8,350 (36.8)384 (34.0)7,966 (36.9)
    Age at first birth 30 years, n (%)3,065 (13.5)184 (16.3)2,881 (13.4)
    Never used HT, n (%)16,600 (73.1)743 (65.7)15,857 (73.5)
    Previously used HT, n (%)2,193 (9.7)99 (8.8)2,094 (9.7)
    Current user of HT, n (%)3,906 (17.2)289 (25.6)3,617 (16.8)
    Never used OC, n (%)9,202 (40.5)475 (42.0)8,727 (40.5)
    Ever used OC, n (%)13,497 (59.5)656 (58.0)12,841 (59.5)
    Rural, n (%)9,784 (43.1)514 (45.4)9,270 (43.0)
    Provincial, n (%)3,368 (14.8)163 (14.4)3,205 (14.9)
    Urban, n (%)9,547 (42.1)454 (40.1)9,093 (42.2)
    Baseline annual PM2.5 (μg/m3), mean (SD)19.7 (3.5)20.2 (3.5)19.6 (3.6)
    Baseline annual PM10 (μg/m3), mean (SD)23.5 (3.9)24.1 (3.8)23.5 (3.9)
    Baseline annual NO2 (μg/m3), mean (SD)12.5 (8.1)12.7 (8.0)12.5 (8.1)
    • Abbreviation: OC, oral contraceptives.

  • Table 2.

    Association between air pollution and breast cancer among the 22,877 nurses from DNC

    Model 1aModel 2bModel 3c
    UnitHR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
    3-year mean
    PM2.53.3 μg/m31.03 (0.94–1.13)1.02 (0.93–1.12)1.00 (0.91–1.09)
    PM102.9 μg/m31.04 (0.95–1.14)1.03 (0.95–1.12)1.02 (0.94–1.11)
    NO27.4 μg/m31.03 (0.97–1.10)1.02 (0.96–1.08)1.00 (0.94–1.07)
    • ↵aAdjusted for age.

    • ↵bModel 1 additionally adjusted for smoking (status and intensity), alcohol use, BMI, and physical activity.

    • ↵cModel 3 also adjusted for parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, hormone therapy use, oral contraceptive use, and menopausal status.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 26 (3)
March 2017
Volume 26, Issue 3
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Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study
Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Line Ravnskjær, Klaus Kaae Andersen, Steffen Loft, Jørgen Brandt, Thomas Becker, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Elsebeth Lynge and Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev March 1 2017 (26) (3) 428-430; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0578

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Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study
Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Line Ravnskjær, Klaus Kaae Andersen, Steffen Loft, Jørgen Brandt, Thomas Becker, Matthias Ketzel, Ole Hertel, Elsebeth Lynge and Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev March 1 2017 (26) (3) 428-430; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0578
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