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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

Jeannette M. Schenk, Cathee A. Till, Catherine M. Tangen, Phyllis J. Goodman, Xiaoling Song, Kathleen C. Torkko, Alan R. Kristal, Ulrike Peters and Marian L. Neuhouser
Jeannette M. Schenk
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
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  • For correspondence: jschenk@fhcrc.org
Cathee A. Till
2SWOG, Statistical Center;
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Catherine M. Tangen
2SWOG, Statistical Center;
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Phyllis J. Goodman
2SWOG, Statistical Center;
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Xiaoling Song
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
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Kathleen C. Torkko
4Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Alan R. Kristal
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
3Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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Ulrike Peters
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
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Marian L. Neuhouser
1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1340 Published August 2014
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Abstract

Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent associations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk; however, few have adequately controlled for detection bias related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, and the results of many studies may be affected by occult prostate cancers among controls.

Methods: Data for this nested case–control analysis (n = 1,695 cases/1,682 controls) are from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Baseline serum was analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. The presence or absence of cancer was subsequently determined by prostate biopsy. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate associations of 25(OH)D with risk of total, Gleason 2–6, Gleason 7, and Gleason 8–10 prostate cancer. Results are presented for placebo and finasteride arms separately and combined.

Results: There were no associations of serum 25(OH)D with total prostate cancer risk. For Gleason 2–6 cancers, results were inconsistent across treatment arms with a suggestion of increased risk in the placebo arm only; however, there was no dose–response relationship. For Gleason 8–10 prostate cancers, 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a linear decrease in risk among combined treatment arms [quartile 4 vs. 1: OR, 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.94; Ptrend = 0.04]. These findings were somewhat stronger among men ≥65 versus 55–64 years at baseline (quartile 4 vs. 1: OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18–0.88 vs. OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.35–1.52, respectively; Pinteraction = 0.52).

Conclusions: Higher serum 25(OH)D may modestly increase risk of Gleason 2–6 disease and more substantially reduce risk of Gleason 8–10 prostate cancer.

Impact: Vitamin D may have different effects for different stages of prostate cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1484–93. ©2014 AACR.

See related commentary by Schwartz, p. 1447, and article by Kristal et al., p. 1494

  • Received December 18, 2013.
  • Revision received May 12, 2014.
  • Accepted May 23, 2014.
  • ©2014 American Association for Cancer Research.
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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 23 (8)
August 2014
Volume 23, Issue 8
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Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Jeannette M. Schenk, Cathee A. Till, Catherine M. Tangen, Phyllis J. Goodman, Xiaoling Song, Kathleen C. Torkko, Alan R. Kristal, Ulrike Peters and Marian L. Neuhouser
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev August 1 2014 (23) (8) 1484-1493; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1340

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Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Jeannette M. Schenk, Cathee A. Till, Catherine M. Tangen, Phyllis J. Goodman, Xiaoling Song, Kathleen C. Torkko, Alan R. Kristal, Ulrike Peters and Marian L. Neuhouser
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev August 1 2014 (23) (8) 1484-1493; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1340
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