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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Predictors of the Occurrence of Smoking Discontinuation in Novice Adolescent Smokers

Jennifer L. O'Loughlin, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, Erika N. Dugas and Igor Karp
Jennifer L. O'Loughlin
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Erika N. Dugas
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Igor Karp
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
1Centre de recherche CHUM, 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, and 3Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0869 Published June 2014
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    Figure 1.

    Derivation of the analytic sample including the range of sample sizes and number of outcome events across multiple imputation datasets, NDIT study, 1999–2005.

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  • Table 1.

    Characteristics of novice adolescent smokers, NDIT study, 1999–2005

    Smokers at baseline, n (range) = 615–620Pooled sample of smokersa, n (range) = 3862–3921
    Sociodemographic
     Male (%)b37.230.3
     Age, y [median (IQR)]13.4 (1.3)14.4 (1.7)
     French speaking (%)b19.423.3
     Single-parent family (%)b14.216.2
     Parent(s) university educated (%)b42.446.7
    Psychosocial indicators
     Family stress [median (IQR)]1.2 (0.8)1.3 (0.6)
     Non–family-related stress [median (IQR)]1.6 (0.7)1.6 (0.8)
     Depression symptoms [median (IQR)]2.2 (1.1)2.2 (1.1)
     Impulsivity [median (IQR)]2.6 (1.3)2.6 (1.4)
     Novelty-seeking [median (IQR)]3.2 (1.1)3.2 (1.1)
     Self-esteem [median (IQR)]2.5 (0.7)2.4 (0.7)
     Worrying about weight (%)b47.849.3
     Cigarette package warnings make me afraid to smoke (% no)b43.940.6
     Cigarette ads make me want to smoke (% yes)b24.028.5
    Overweight (%)25.528.7
    Asthma (%)19.018.4
    Lifestyle indicators
     Alcohol use (%)b74.680.3
     Use tobacco products other than cigarettes (%)b44.540.7
     Illicit drug use (%)b34.958.8
     Light physical activity [median (IQR)]6.3 (7.0)7.0 (6.0)
     Moderate physical activity [median (IQR)]10.0 (13.0)8.0 (13.0)
     Vigorous physical activity [median (IQR)]2.0 (7.0)2.0 (7.0)
     Participation in team sports (%)b56.249.3
     TV watching per week, h [median (IQR)]6.0 (5.5)5.5 (5.0)
    Smoking and nicotine dependence indicators
     No. cycles since smoking initiation [median (IQR)]1.0 (1.0)4.0 (5.0)
     No. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months [median (IQR)]0.6 (5.1)3.0 (99.8)
     Tolerance (%)b21.030.2
     Other nicotine dependence symptoms [median (IQR)]2.0 (8.0)7.6 (13.0)
     Self-medication [median (IQR)]0.0 (2.4)1.0 (5.0)
     Withdrawal symptoms [median (IQR)]0.0 (1.1)1.0 (3.0)
    Context-level indicators
    Social environment
     Parent(s) smoke (%)b43.343.9
     Sibling(s) smoke (%)b29.934.2
     Friends smoke (%)b87.492.9
     Teachers/school staff smoke often (%)b77.880.0
    Neighborhood indicators
     Tolerance of smoking at school (% high)b37.339.2
     Tolerance of smoking in local corner stores [median (IQR)]0.3 (0.2)0.4 (0.5)
     Tolerance of smoking in local restaurants [median (IQR)]0.3 (0.4)0.3 (0.4)
    • ↵aIncludes up to 15 observations per participant.

    • ↵bPercentages and medians were computed excluding missing data.

  • Table 2.

    Associations between smoking discontinuation and potential predictors in novice adolescent smokers, NDIT study, 1999–2005a

    Potential predictorORcrude95% CIORadj95% CICovariates included in multivariable model
    Sociodemographic
     SexAge, depression symptoms, participate in vigorous physical activity, worrying about weight, use tobacco products other than cigarettes
      Female (ref)
      Male1.831.36–2.461.761.28–2.41
     Age (years)b0.930.83–1.041.271.09–1.49Sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, illicit drug use, time since smoking initiation
     Language spoken at homeAge, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
      Other (ref)
      French0.860.62–1.210.990.67–1.47
     Single-parent familyAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes0.730.48–1.090.760.50–1.15
     Parent(s) university-educatedAge, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store
      No (ref)
      Yes1.310.94–1.831.230.87–1.75
    Psychosocial indicators
     Family stressb0.650.49–0.850.730.55–0.96Age, sex, depression symptoms, non–family-related stress
     Non–family-related stressb0.780.63–0.970.900.71–1.14Age, sex, family stress, depression symptoms, worrying about weight
     Depression symptomsb0.920.77–1.091.150.94–1.40Age, sex, family stress, non–family-related stress, worrying about weight, self-esteem, self-medication
     Impulsivityb0.990.86–1.140.970.83–1.13Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
     Novelty-seekingb0.900.74–1.090.910.74–1.10Age, sex, impulsivity
     Self-esteemb1.380.93–2.051.280.85–1.93Age, sex, depression symptoms
     Worrying about weightAge, sex, depression symptoms, non–family-related stress
      No (ref)
      Yes0.560.43–0.720.630.47–0.85
     Cigarette package warnings make me afraid to smokeAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes1.371.05–1.801.441.10–1.89
     Cigarette ads make me want to smokeAge, sex, other ND symptoms
      No (ref)
      Yes0.670.46–0.990.780.50–1.21
    OverweightAge, sex
     No (ref)
     Yes0.730.53–1.010.700.50–0.97
    AsthmaAge, sex
     No (ref)
     Yes0.970.65–1.460.960.63–1.47
    Lifestyle indicators
     Alcohol useAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes0.950.70–1.290.940.69–1.29
     Use tobacco products other than cigarettesAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes1.020.81–1.280.900.70–1.15
     Illicit drug useAge, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, time since smoking initiation
      No (ref)
      Yes0.430.33–0.570.500.37–0.68
     Participate in light physical activity (LPA)b1.000.96–1.041.020.98–1.06Age, sex
     Participate in moderate physical activity (MPA)b1.001.0–1.021.000.99–1.01Age, sex, participate in vigorous physical activity
     Participate in vigorous physical activity (VPA)b1.021.00–1.041.000.98–1.03Age, sex, participate in moderate physical activity, participate in team sports
     Participate in team sportsAge, sex, participate in vigorous physical activity
      No (ref)
      Yes1.521.16–1.991.441.07–1.92
     TV per week (hours)b1.021.00–1.041.010.99–1.03Age, sex
    Smoking and nicotine dependence indicators
     Time since smoking initiationb0.830.79–0.880.950.89–1.02Age, sex, friends smoke, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, illicit drug use
     No. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 monthsb0.99c0.99–1.001.000.99–1.00Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, time since smoking initiation
     Toleranceb0.540.37–0.790.640.41–0.99Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication
     Other nicotine dependence symptomsb0.910.88–0.940.950.91–0.99Age, sex, tolerance, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, time since smoking initiation, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, cigarette ads make me want to smoke, illicit drug use
     Self-medicationb0.890.84–0.940.980.91–1.06Age, sex, depression symptoms, parent(s) smoke, tolerance, other nicotine dependence symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, time since smoking initiation
     Withdrawal symptomsb0.770.69–0.860.920.79–1.07Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, time since smoking initiation
    Context-level indicators
    Social environment
     Parent(s) smokeAge, sex, self-medication
      No (ref)
      Yes0.710.55–0.920.770.57–1.02
     Sibling(s) smokeAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes0.810.62–1.080.820.61–1.09
     Friends smokeAge, sex
      No (ref)
      Yes0.690.45–1.030.730.48–1.12
     Teachers/school staff smoke oftenAge, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
      No (ref)
      Yes0.860.61–1.220.930.64–1.34
    Neighborhood indicators
     Tolerance of smoking at schoolAge, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store
      Low/moderate (ref)
      High0.920.68–1.230.800.59–1.10
     Tolerance of smoking in local corner storesb0.690.44–1.100.730.37–1.45Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant, tolerance of smoking at school, language spoken at home, parent(s) university-educated
     Tolerance of smoking in local restaurantsb1.830.87–3.861.450.53–3.95Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store, language spoken at home, impulsivity, teachers/school staff smoke often
    • ↵aThere were 3,862 to 3,921 person-surveys contributed by 248 to 257 participants.

    • ↵bOR indicates the factor by which the 3-month odds of smoking discontinuation changes per one unit change in the given predictor variable. Because all ORs are derived based on unstandardized regression coefficients, the magnitude of the associations cannot be compared across predictors.

    • ↵cModel converged 8 of 10 times.

Additional Files

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  • Supplementary Data

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Supplementary Tables 1 - 2 - PDF file - 118K, Supplementary Table I. Description of potential predictors. Supplementary Table II: Number of missing values for each of the variables by survey.
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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 23 (6)
June 2014
Volume 23, Issue 6
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Predictors of the Occurrence of Smoking Discontinuation in Novice Adolescent Smokers
Jennifer L. O'Loughlin, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, Erika N. Dugas and Igor Karp
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev June 1 2014 (23) (6) 1090-1101; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0869

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Predictors of the Occurrence of Smoking Discontinuation in Novice Adolescent Smokers
Jennifer L. O'Loughlin, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, Erika N. Dugas and Igor Karp
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev June 1 2014 (23) (6) 1090-1101; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0869
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