Predictors of the Occurrence of Smoking Discontinuation in Novice Adolescent Smokers

Jennifer L. O'Loughlin; Marie-Pierre Sylvestre; Erika N. Dugas; Igor Karp

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0869

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0869 Published June 2014

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Figure 1.
Derivation of the analytic sample including the range of sample sizes and number of outcome events across multiple imputation datasets, NDIT study, 1999–2005.

Table 1.

Characteristics of novice adolescent smokers, NDIT study, 1999–2005

	Smokers at baseline, n (range) = 615–620	Pooled sample of smokers^a, n (range) = 3862–3921
Sociodemographic
Male (%)^b	37.2	30.3
Age, y [median (IQR)]	13.4 (1.3)	14.4 (1.7)
French speaking (%)^b	19.4	23.3
Single-parent family (%)^b	14.2	16.2
Parent(s) university educated (%)^b	42.4	46.7
Psychosocial indicators
Family stress [median (IQR)]	1.2 (0.8)	1.3 (0.6)
Non–family-related stress [median (IQR)]	1.6 (0.7)	1.6 (0.8)
Depression symptoms [median (IQR)]	2.2 (1.1)	2.2 (1.1)
Impulsivity [median (IQR)]	2.6 (1.3)	2.6 (1.4)
Novelty-seeking [median (IQR)]	3.2 (1.1)	3.2 (1.1)
Self-esteem [median (IQR)]	2.5 (0.7)	2.4 (0.7)
Worrying about weight (%)^b	47.8	49.3
Cigarette package warnings make me afraid to smoke (% no)^b	43.9	40.6
Cigarette ads make me want to smoke (% yes)^b	24.0	28.5
Overweight (%)	25.5	28.7
Asthma (%)	19.0	18.4
Lifestyle indicators
Alcohol use (%)^b	74.6	80.3
Use tobacco products other than cigarettes (%)^b	44.5	40.7
Illicit drug use (%)^b	34.9	58.8
Light physical activity [median (IQR)]	6.3 (7.0)	7.0 (6.0)
Moderate physical activity [median (IQR)]	10.0 (13.0)	8.0 (13.0)
Vigorous physical activity [median (IQR)]	2.0 (7.0)	2.0 (7.0)
Participation in team sports (%)^b	56.2	49.3
TV watching per week, h [median (IQR)]	6.0 (5.5)	5.5 (5.0)
Smoking and nicotine dependence indicators
No. cycles since smoking initiation [median (IQR)]	1.0 (1.0)	4.0 (5.0)
No. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months [median (IQR)]	0.6 (5.1)	3.0 (99.8)
Tolerance (%)^b	21.0	30.2
Other nicotine dependence symptoms [median (IQR)]	2.0 (8.0)	7.6 (13.0)
Self-medication [median (IQR)]	0.0 (2.4)	1.0 (5.0)
Withdrawal symptoms [median (IQR)]	0.0 (1.1)	1.0 (3.0)
Context-level indicators
Social environment
Parent(s) smoke (%)^b	43.3	43.9
Sibling(s) smoke (%)^b	29.9	34.2
Friends smoke (%)^b	87.4	92.9
Teachers/school staff smoke often (%)^b	77.8	80.0
Neighborhood indicators
Tolerance of smoking at school (% high)^b	37.3	39.2
Tolerance of smoking in local corner stores [median (IQR)]	0.3 (0.2)	0.4 (0.5)
Tolerance of smoking in local restaurants [median (IQR)]	0.3 (0.4)	0.3 (0.4)

↵^aIncludes up to 15 observations per participant.
↵^bPercentages and medians were computed excluding missing data.

Table 2.

Associations between smoking discontinuation and potential predictors in novice adolescent smokers, NDIT study, 1999–2005^a

Potential predictor	OR_crude	95% CI	OR_adj	95% CI	Covariates included in multivariable model
Sociodemographic
Sex					Age, depression symptoms, participate in vigorous physical activity, worrying about weight, use tobacco products other than cigarettes
Female (ref)
Male	1.83	1.36–2.46	1.76	1.28–2.41
Age (years)^b	0.93	0.83–1.04	1.27	1.09–1.49	Sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, illicit drug use, time since smoking initiation
Language spoken at home					Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
Other (ref)
French	0.86	0.62–1.21	0.99	0.67–1.47
Single-parent family					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.73	0.48–1.09	0.76	0.50–1.15
Parent(s) university-educated					Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store
No (ref)
Yes	1.31	0.94–1.83	1.23	0.87–1.75
Psychosocial indicators
Family stress^b	0.65	0.49–0.85	0.73	0.55–0.96	Age, sex, depression symptoms, non–family-related stress
Non–family-related stress^b	0.78	0.63–0.97	0.90	0.71–1.14	Age, sex, family stress, depression symptoms, worrying about weight
Depression symptoms^b	0.92	0.77–1.09	1.15	0.94–1.40	Age, sex, family stress, non–family-related stress, worrying about weight, self-esteem, self-medication
Impulsivity^b	0.99	0.86–1.14	0.97	0.83–1.13	Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
Novelty-seeking^b	0.90	0.74–1.09	0.91	0.74–1.10	Age, sex, impulsivity
Self-esteem^b	1.38	0.93–2.05	1.28	0.85–1.93	Age, sex, depression symptoms
Worrying about weight					Age, sex, depression symptoms, non–family-related stress
No (ref)
Yes	0.56	0.43–0.72	0.63	0.47–0.85
Cigarette package warnings make me afraid to smoke					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	1.37	1.05–1.80	1.44	1.10–1.89
Cigarette ads make me want to smoke					Age, sex, other ND symptoms
No (ref)
Yes	0.67	0.46–0.99	0.78	0.50–1.21
Overweight					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.73	0.53–1.01	0.70	0.50–0.97
Asthma					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.97	0.65–1.46	0.96	0.63–1.47
Lifestyle indicators
Alcohol use					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.95	0.70–1.29	0.94	0.69–1.29
Use tobacco products other than cigarettes					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	1.02	0.81–1.28	0.90	0.70–1.15
Illicit drug use					Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, time since smoking initiation
No (ref)
Yes	0.43	0.33–0.57	0.50	0.37–0.68
Participate in light physical activity (LPA)^b	1.00	0.96–1.04	1.02	0.98–1.06	Age, sex
Participate in moderate physical activity (MPA)^b	1.00	1.0–1.02	1.00	0.99–1.01	Age, sex, participate in vigorous physical activity
Participate in vigorous physical activity (VPA)^b	1.02	1.00–1.04	1.00	0.98–1.03	Age, sex, participate in moderate physical activity, participate in team sports
Participate in team sports					Age, sex, participate in vigorous physical activity
No (ref)
Yes	1.52	1.16–1.99	1.44	1.07–1.92
TV per week (hours)^b	1.02	1.00–1.04	1.01	0.99–1.03	Age, sex
Smoking and nicotine dependence indicators
Time since smoking initiation^b	0.83	0.79–0.88	0.95	0.89–1.02	Age, sex, friends smoke, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, illicit drug use
No. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months^b	0.99^c	0.99–1.00	1.00	0.99–1.00	Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, time since smoking initiation
Tolerance^b	0.54	0.37–0.79	0.64	0.41–0.99	Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication
Other nicotine dependence symptoms^b	0.91	0.88–0.94	0.95	0.91–0.99	Age, sex, tolerance, self-medication, withdrawal symptoms, time since smoking initiation, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, cigarette ads make me want to smoke, illicit drug use
Self-medication^b	0.89	0.84–0.94	0.98	0.91–1.06	Age, sex, depression symptoms, parent(s) smoke, tolerance, other nicotine dependence symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, time since smoking initiation
Withdrawal symptoms^b	0.77	0.69–0.86	0.92	0.79–1.07	Age, sex, other nicotine dependence symptoms, self-medication, no. cigarettes smoked per month in past 3 months, time since smoking initiation
Context-level indicators
Social environment
Parent(s) smoke					Age, sex, self-medication
No (ref)
Yes	0.71	0.55–0.92	0.77	0.57–1.02
Sibling(s) smoke					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.81	0.62–1.08	0.82	0.61–1.09
Friends smoke					Age, sex
No (ref)
Yes	0.69	0.45–1.03	0.73	0.48–1.12
Teachers/school staff smoke often					Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant
No (ref)
Yes	0.86	0.61–1.22	0.93	0.64–1.34
Neighborhood indicators
Tolerance of smoking at school					Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store
Low/moderate (ref)
High	0.92	0.68–1.23	0.80	0.59–1.10
Tolerance of smoking in local corner stores^b	0.69	0.44–1.10	0.73	0.37–1.45	Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local restaurant, tolerance of smoking at school, language spoken at home, parent(s) university-educated
Tolerance of smoking in local restaurants^b	1.83	0.87–3.86	1.45	0.53–3.95	Age, sex, tolerance of smoking in local corner store, language spoken at home, impulsivity, teachers/school staff smoke often

↵^aThere were 3,862 to 3,921 person-surveys contributed by 248 to 257 participants.
↵^bOR indicates the factor by which the 3-month odds of smoking discontinuation changes per one unit change in the given predictor variable. Because all ORs are derived based on unstandardized regression coefficients, the magnitude of the associations cannot be compared across predictors.
↵^cModel converged 8 of 10 times.

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Supplementary Tables 1 - 2 - PDF file - 118K, Supplementary Table I. Description of potential predictors. Supplementary Table II: Number of missing values for each of the variables by survey.