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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Chronic Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue Is Associated with High-Grade Prostate Cancer in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

Bora Gurel, M. Scott Lucia, Ian M. Thompson Jr, Phyllis J. Goodman, Catherine M. Tangen, Alan R. Kristal, Howard L. Parnes, Ashraful Hoque, Scott M. Lippman, Siobhan Sutcliffe, Sarah B. Peskoe, Charles G. Drake, William G. Nelson, Angelo M. De Marzo and Elizabeth A. Platz
Bora Gurel
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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M. Scott Lucia
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Ian M. Thompson Jr
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Phyllis J. Goodman
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Catherine M. Tangen
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Alan R. Kristal
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Howard L. Parnes
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Ashraful Hoque
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Scott M. Lippman
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Siobhan Sutcliffe
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Sarah B. Peskoe
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Charles G. Drake
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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William G. Nelson
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Angelo M. De Marzo
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Elizabeth A. Platz
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Departments of 1Pathology and 2Immunology; 3The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 5Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; 6Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; 7University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; 8Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio; 9Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 10SWOG Statistical Center; 11Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; 12Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and 13Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1126 Published May 2014
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Scoring of chronic inflammation in prostate biopsy cores by severity (grade) and tissue compartment. All images are of benign areas obtained as screen shots from whole slide scanned images. A to C, increasing severity of inflammation in the stroma; D to F, increasing severity of intraepithelial inflammation; G to I, increasing severity of intraluminal inflammation. A to F, original magnification ×100. G to I, original magnification ×200.

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    Figure 2.

    Association between at least one biopsy core with inflammation and total and high-grade prostate cancer overall and when restricting the analysis to cases and controls with lower PSA concentration (<2 ng/mL) at biopsy.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Table 1.

    Characteristicsa of prostate cancer cases and controlsb, placebo arm, and the PCPT

    Prostate cancer cases
    ControlsTotalLow-gradeHigh-grade
    N2091919794
    Mean age at baseline (y)63.963.662.764.6
    Mean age at biopsy (y)70.870.1c70.2c70.1c
    Non-White (%)16.38.46.2c10.6
    Family history (%)17.716.215.517.0
    Cigarette smoking history (%)
     Current5.97.25.58.9
     Former60.856.555.357.8
     Never33.336.339.233.3
    Mean pack-years smoked, current and former smokers24.721.0c19.6c22.2
    Mean BMI (kg/m2)27.427.527.227.9
    History of diabetes (%)9.15.84.47.2
    Mean PSA
     Concentration at baseline (ng/mL)1.21.6c1.6c1.6c
     Concentration at biopsy (ng/mL)2.13.3c3.03.7c
     Velocity (ng/mL/y)0.110.27c0.200.34c
    • ↵aFor all characteristics except baseline age, family history of prostate cancer, and race, from generalized linear models (linear for adjusted proportions and means and logistic for P values) adjusting for baseline age, family history, and race.

    • ↵bCases and controls were frequency matched on baseline age and family history. All non-White controls were sampled. Cases were sampled from the placebo arm of the trial so that half were high grade (Gleason sum ≥7) and half were low grade (Gleason sum <7), and of these half were detected on a biopsy performed for an elevated PSA or an abnormal DRE (for-cause biopsy) and half were detected on a biopsy performed at the end of the trial per trial protocol (end-of-study biopsy). Controls were sampled from men who were negative for prostate cancer on the biopsy performed at the end of the trial per protocol.

    • ↵cP < 0.05 compared with controls.

  • Table 2.

    Prevalence and extenta of inflammation assessed in benign prostate tissue from biopsy cores, prostate cancer cases overall and by grade and controlsb, placebo arm, and the PCPT

    Prostate cancer cases
    ControlsTotalLow-gradeHigh-grade
    N2091919794
    At least one biopsy core with inflammation (%)c78.286.2e84.088.4e
    Mean of the percentage of biopsy cores with inflammationc52.158.756.161.4e
    Mean of the mean percentage of tissue area with inflammationd
     Overall11.510.910.810.9
     In men with at least one biopsy core with inflammation14.712.612.812.3
    • ↵aFrom generalized linear models (linear for adjusted proportions and means, logistic for P values) adjusting for baseline age, family history of prostate cancer, and race.

    • ↵bCases and controls were frequency matched on baseline age and family history of prostate cancer. All non-White controls were sampled. Cases were sampled from the placebo arm of the trial so that half were high grade (Gleason sum ≥7) and half were low grade (Gleason sum <7), and of these half were detected on a biopsy performed for an elevated PSA or an abnormal DRE (for-cause biopsy) and half were detected on a biopsy performed at the end of the trial per trial protocol (end-of-study biopsy). Controls were sampled from men who were negative for prostate cancer on the biopsy performed at the end of the trial per protocol.

    • ↵cFor each man, the denominator is total number of biopsy cores evaluated.

    • ↵dFor each man, the denominator is total benign tissue area across all biopsy cores evaluated on each of the slides of the man.

    • ↵eP < 0.05 compared with controls.

  • Table 3.

    Associationa between inflammation assessed in benign prostate tissue from biopsy cores and prostate cancer risk, overall and by grade, placebo arm, and the PCPT

    Prostate cancer cases
    TotalLow-gradeHigh-grade
    N1919794
    At least one biopsy core with inflammation
     OR1.781.572.24
     95% CI1.04–3.060.83–3.001.06–4.71
    Extent of biopsy cores with inflammationb
     Zero cores
      OR1.001.001.00
      95% CIReferenceReferenceReference
     Some cores
      OR1.611.451.97
      95% CI0.92–2.810.74–2.840.91–4.26
     All cores
      OR2.191.872.83
      95% CI1.18–4.060.88–3.941.24–6.44
       Ptrend0.010.100.01
    • ↵aFrom the logistic regression model adjusting for the matching factors baseline age and family history of prostate cancer, and for the oversampling of non-White controls. Cases and controls were frequency matched on baseline age and family history of prostate cancer. All non-White controls were sampled. Cases were sampled from the placebo arm of the trial so that half were high grade (Gleason sum ≥7) and half were low grade (Gleason sum <7), and of these half were detected on a biopsy performed for an elevated PSA or an abnormal DRE (for-cause biopsy) and half were detected on a biopsy performed at the end of the trial per trial protocol (end-of-study biopsy). Controls were sampled from men who were negative for prostate cancer on the biopsy performed at the end of the trial per protocol.

    • ↵bA mean of three biopsy cores was assessed per man. Some cores with inflammation usually meant one or two, but not all three cores had inflammation present.

  • Table 4.

    Mean serum PSA concentration at biopsya by prevalence and extent of inflammation assessed in benign prostate tissue from biopsy cores in the controls and prostate cancer cases, placebo arm, and the PCPT

    At least one biopsy core with inflammationExtent of biopsy cores with inflammation
    NoYesPSomeAllPtrendb
    Controls
     Total (N)4616310954
      Mean PSA at biopsy (ng/mL)1.32.40.0031.63.8<0.0001
     Without indication for biopsy (N)4214910247
      Mean PSA at biopsy (ng/mL)1.11.70.0011.61.90.0002
    Cases
     Total (N)2616510065
      Mean PSA at biopsy (ng/mL)3.33.40.773.43.30.70
     Detected on a for-cause biopsy (N)11835033
      Mean PSA at biopsy (ng/mL)4.54.70.754.94.20.61
     Detected on an end-of-study biopsyc (N)15825032
      Mean PSA at biopsy (ng/mL)2.42.00.451.92.30.32
    • ↵aFrom linear regression models adjusting for age at baseline.

    • ↵bAcross no (zero), some, all biopsy cores with inflammation. Reference is men with “No” (zero) biopsy cores with inflammation.

    • ↵cWithout an indication for biopsy.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 23 (5)
May 2014
Volume 23, Issue 5
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Chronic Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue Is Associated with High-Grade Prostate Cancer in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Bora Gurel, M. Scott Lucia, Ian M. Thompson Jr, Phyllis J. Goodman, Catherine M. Tangen, Alan R. Kristal, Howard L. Parnes, Ashraful Hoque, Scott M. Lippman, Siobhan Sutcliffe, Sarah B. Peskoe, Charles G. Drake, William G. Nelson, Angelo M. De Marzo and Elizabeth A. Platz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev May 1 2014 (23) (5) 847-856; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1126

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Chronic Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue Is Associated with High-Grade Prostate Cancer in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Bora Gurel, M. Scott Lucia, Ian M. Thompson Jr, Phyllis J. Goodman, Catherine M. Tangen, Alan R. Kristal, Howard L. Parnes, Ashraful Hoque, Scott M. Lippman, Siobhan Sutcliffe, Sarah B. Peskoe, Charles G. Drake, William G. Nelson, Angelo M. De Marzo and Elizabeth A. Platz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev May 1 2014 (23) (5) 847-856; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1126
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