Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics of 2,317 women with invasive breast cancer in the WHI by HEI-2005 quartiles
Poor-quality diets Mixed-quality diets Better-quality diets Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 1 (34–63) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 2 (63–71) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 3 (71–77) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 4 (77–91) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Pa Number of participants 579 579 580 579 Age at screening for WHI Mean (SE) 63.6 (0.3) 63.6 (0.3) 63.4 (0.3) 63.9 (0.3) 0.639 Years since diagnosis Mean (SE) 1.6 (0.4) 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 (0.04) 1.6 (0.04) 0.366 Calories (kcals/day) Mean (SE) 1665 (27.1) 1558.7 (23.7) 1454.4 (21.0) 1470.2 (19.8) <0.0001 Alcohol servings/wk Mean (SE) 3.3 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2) 1.7 (0.1) 1.0 (0.1) <0.0001 MET-hours/week of MVPAb Mean (SE) 8.1 (0.5) 9.9 (0.5) 10.6 (0.5) 13.3 (0.7) <0.0001 BMIc Mean (SE) 29.3 (0.3) 28.6 (0.2) 27.8 (0.2) 27.0 (0.2) <0.0001 Race/ethnicity 0.773 White 510 88 505 87 516 89 522 90 Black 41 7 38 7 28 5 24 4 Hispanic 12 2 16 3 13 2 13 2 Other 15 3 20 3 20 3 19 3 Unknown 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 Education 0.002 High school or less 121 21 94 16 86 15 86 15 Some college 236 41 214 37 221 38 189 33 College 65 11 75 13 79 14 77 13 Postgraduate 152 26 190 33 189 33 225 39 Missing 5 1 6 2 5 1 2 0 Income 0.029 ≥$50,000 199 34 228 39 250 43 249 43 $20,000–49,999 259 45 257 44 237 41 238 41 <$20,000 81 14 69 12 66 11 56 10 Missing 40 7 25 4 27 5 36 6 WHI component/arm <0.0001 WHI Observational Study 264 46 247 43 278 48 323 56 WHI-DM-control 253 44 222 38 151 26 114 20 WHI-DM-intervention 62 11 111 19 150 26 142 25 Stage 0.974 Localized 436 75 427 74 436 75 443 77 Regional 132 23 142 25 136 23 128 22 Distant 6 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 Unknown 5 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 Estrogen receptor status 0.197 Positive 429 74 455 79 451 78 423 73 Negative 90 16 65 11 72 12 90 15 Unknown 60 10 59 10 57 10 66 11 Progesterone receptor status 0.751 Positive 358 62 357 62 371 64 349 60 Negative 153 26 153 26 135 23 150 26 Unknown 68 12 69 12 74 13 80 14 Postmenopausal hormone therapy 0.122 Never 213 37 195 37 192 33 189 33 Past 86 15 91 17 71 12 69 12 Current 280 48 293 51 317 55 321 55 - Table 2.
Postdiagnosis diet quality, risk of death from any cause, and risk of death from breast cancer among 2,317 postmenopausal women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the WHI
Poor-quality diet Mixed-quality diet Better-quality diet Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 1 (34–63) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 2 (63–71) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 3 (71–77) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 4 (77–91) Ptrend N 579 579 580 579 Death from any cause (n) 117 105 102 91 Unadjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.84 (0.65–1.09) 0.79 (0.61–1.03) 0.67 (0.51–0.88) 0.004 Age and energy-adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.83 (0.64–1.08) 0.77 (0.59–1.01) 0.63 (0.48–0.83) 0.0009 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)a 1.00 0.93 (0.71–1.22) 0.86 (0.65–1.14) 0.74 (0.55–0.99) 0.043 Death from breast cancer (n) 51 48 44 45 Unadjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.89 (0.60–1.32) 0.79 (0.53–1.19) 0.78 (0.52–1.17) 0.178 Age and energy-adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.89 (0.60–1.32) 0.79 (0.53–1.19) 0.78 (0.52–1.16) 0.173 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)a 1.00 0.99 (0.66–1.50) 0.93 (0.61–1.43) 0.91 (0.60–1.40) 0.627 Death from causes other than breast cancer (n) 66 57 58 46 Unadjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.80 (0.56–1.14) 0.79 (0.56–1.13) 0.59 (0.40–0.86) 0.008 Age and energy-adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.00 0.79 (0.55–1.12) 0.77 (0.54–1.10) 0.52 (0.36–0.76) 0.001 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)a 1.00 0.83 (0.58–1.20) 0.79 (0.54–1.15) 0.58 (0.38–0.87) 0.011 -
↵aAdjusted for age at screening visit (continuous), WHI component (WHI-DM-intervention, WHI-DM-control, or OS), ethnicity (White non-Hispanic, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, other, missing), income (<20,000, 20,000–49,999, ≥50,000, missing), education (high school or below, some college, college, postgraduate, missing), stage (localized, regional, distant, unknown), estrogen receptor status (positive, negative, unknown), progesterone receptor status (positive, negative, unknown), time since diagnosis (continuous), energy intake in kcals (continuous), physical activity in MET-h/wk (0, 0.1–3, 3.1–8.9, 9+, unknown), servings of alcohol per week (continuous), and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (never, former, current).
-
- Table 3.
Multivariate associations between diet quality and death from any cause, stratified analysis by ER status
Poor-quality diet Mixed-quality diet Better-quality diet Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 1 (34–63) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 2 (63–71) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 3 (71–77) Healthy Eating Index-2005 Score Quartile 4 (77–91) Ptrend Pinteraction ER-positive N 429 455 451 423 Death from any cause (n) 81 74 71 57 Multivariate-adjusted HR of all-cause mortality (95% CI)a 1.00 0.82 (0.59–1.13) 0.71 (0.51–0.99) 0.55 (0.38–0.79) 0.0009 ER-negative 0.449 N 90 65 72 90 Death from any cause (n) 25 16 15 20 Multivariate-adjusted HR of all-cause mortality (95% CI)a 1.00 0.90 (0.46–1.76) 0.92 (0.46–1.83) 1.14 (0.58–2.23) 0.811 NOTE: For 2,075 participants with known ER status.
-
↵aAdjusted for age at screening visit (continuous), WHI component (WHI-DM-intervention, WHI-DM-control, or OS), ethnicity (White non-Hispanic, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, other, missing), income (<20,000, 20,000–49,999, ≥50,000, missing), education (high school or below, some college, college, postgraduate, missing), stage (localized, regional, distant, unknown), progesterone receptor status (positive, negative, unknown), time since diagnosis (continuous), energy intake in kcals (continuous), physical activity in MET-h/wk (0, 0.1–3, 3.1–8.9, 9+, unknown), servings of alcohol per week (continuous), and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (never, former, current).
-