Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
OBS assignment scheme
OBS components Assignment schemea 1. PUFA intake 0 = High (3rd tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = Low (1st tertile) 2. Serum ferritin 0 = High (3rd tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = Low (1st tertile) 3. Totalb vitamin C intake 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 4. Plasma lycopene 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 5. Plasma α-carotene 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 6. Plasma β-carotene 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 7. Plasma lutein 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 8. Plasma β-cryptoxanthin 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 9. Plasma α-tocopherol 0 = Low (1st tertile), 1 = Medium (2nd tertile), 2 = High (3rd tertile) 10. Selenium supplements 0 = No supplement, 1 = Unknown (missing data), 2 = Supplement 11. Smoking history 0 = Current smoker, 1 = Former smoker, 2 = Never smoker 12. Regular aspirin use 0 = No regular use, 1 = Unknown, 2 = Regular use 13. Regular NSAID use 0 = No regular use, 1 = Unknown, 2 = Regular use 14. Alcohol consumption 0 = Above median, 1 = Below median, 2 = Nondrinker - Table 2.
Selected baseline characteristics of participants in the MAP I and II case–control studies of incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas
MAP I MAP II Pooled analysis Characteristics Cases (n = 106) mean (SD) or % Controls (n = 109) mean (SD) or % Cases (n = 33) mean (SD) or % Controls (n = 92) mean (SD) or % Cases (n = 139) mean (SD) or N (%) Controls (n = 201) mean (SD) Age, y 57.4 (8.9) 56.1 (10.2) 55.4 (7.3) 55.5 (7.9) 56.9 (8.6) 55.9 (9.2) Male (%) 54.7 32.1a 57.6 44.6 55.4 37.8b BMI, kg/m2 27.8 (6.1) 27.1 (5.7) 28.5 (5.2) 28.6 (6.7) 27.9 (5.9) 27.8 (6.2) Physical activity, MET-hours/week 216.8 (143.4) 196.1 (127.3) 163.7 (116.9) 176.5 (125.2) 204.2 (139.1) 187.1 (126.4) Family history of colorectal cancerc (%) 17.0 33.0a 21.1 19.6 18.0 26.9 HRT user (women only; %) 62.5 54.1 78.6 70.6 66.1 60.8 Regularly take an NSAID (%) 21.2 32.1 33.3 34.8 24.1 33.3 Regularly take aspirin (%) 34.9 35.8 45.5 41.3 37.4 38.3 Current smoker (%) 34.0 20.2a 24.2 13.0 31.7 16.9a Alcohol, drinks/week 20.8 (25.6) 14.6 (20.2) 9.4 (9.1) 13.4 (16.3) 16.3 (21.4) 13.9 (17.8) Dietary intakes per day Total energy, kcal 2,061.3 (851.8) 2,172.6 (2493.7) 1,831.3 (765.3) 1,648.0 (647.8) 2,006.7 (835.1) 1,932.5 (1,902.0) Total PUFA, gm 14.0 (6.3) 14.4 (14.5) 15.5 (8.9) 14.1 (10.4) 14.3 (7.0) 14.2 (12.8) Dietary fiber, gm 22.8 (9.4) 25.5 (26.6) 16.6 (6.7) 15.3 (6.7) 21.3 (9.2) 20.9 (20.7) Totald vitamin C, mg 286.6 (388.5) 302.1 (354.6) 237.5 (273.6) 298.9 (369.4) 275.0 (364.2) 300.7 (360.6) Plasma levels Plasma lycopene, μg/dL 26.3 (14.3) 25.8 (13.3) 21.7 (11.4) 24.6 (10.8) 25.2 (13.8) 25.2 (12.2) Plasma α-carotene, μg/dL 2.7 (2.9) 3.6 (4.8) 2.6 (2.6) 3.5 (3.1) 2.7 (2.8) 3.5 (4.1)b Plasma β-carotene, μg/dL 15.3 (22.5) 16.4 (15.5) 12.6 (11.4) 16.3 (13.0) 14.6 (20.4) 16.4 (14.4) Plasma lutein, μg/dL 16.8 (7.2) 18.1 (10.3) 17.7 (6.2) 15.7 (6.3) 17.0 (6.9) 17.0 (8.7) Plasma β-cryptoxanthin, μg/dL 6.0 (4.7) 6.9 (5.8) 6.1 (4.1) 8.1 (7.2) 6.0 (4.5) 7.5 (6.5)b Plasma α-tocopherol, mg/dL 1.2 (0.5) 1.1 (0.5) 1.1 (0.3) 1.2 (0.6) 1.1 (0.5) 1.2 (0.5) Plasma γ-tocopherol, mg/dL 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) Plasma ferritin, mg/dL 146.1 (135.2) 148.8 (185.9) 144.5 (108.3) 130.8 (127.5) 145.7 (129.0) 140.6 (161.7) Plasma total cholesterol, mg/dL 203.4 (35.8) 206.3 (39.5) 194.8 (32.4) 199.3 (39.5) 201.4 (35.1) 203.1 (39.6) Biomarker levels FIP, pg/mL 94.0 (41.8) 88.8 (38.4) 76.0 (25.0) 78.0 (28.9) 90.1 (39.3) 84.4 (35.1) FOP, avg. std. ref. adj.e 0.06 (0.03) 0.05 (0.02) 0.03 (0.01) 0.04 (0.01) 0.05 (0.11) 0.05 (0.13) CRP, μg/mL 6.1 (6.1) 7.5 (23.8) 3.7 (5.0) 4.6 (6.2) 5.5 (6.0) 6.2 (18.0) Abbreviation: PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
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↵aP < 0.01 based on t test for continuous variable and χ2 test for categorical variables.
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↵bP < 0.05 based on t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
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↵cIn a first-degree relative.
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↵dTotal = dietary + supplemental.
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↵eUnit for FOP measurement is “average standard reference adjusted,” in which samples were calculated against a 1-ppm fluorescent reference standard quinine in 0.1 N sulfuric acid.
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- Table 3.
Association between OBS (with and without inclusion of γ-tocopherol) and incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma
Cases (n)a Controls (n)a OR (95% CI)b P trend OBS without γ-tocopherol (range, 2–24) Interval 1 (OBS, 2–9) 44 43 1.0 0.04 Interval 2 (OBS, 10–16) 81 114 0.81 (0.46–1.43) Interval 3 (OBS, 17–24) 14 44 0.39 (0.17–0.89) OBS as continuous variable 139 201 0.93 (0.87–0.99) OBS with γ-tocopherol (range, 2–25) Interval 1 (OBS, 2–9) 34 31 1.0 0.04 Interval 2 (OBS, 10–17) 88 126 0.76 (0.40–1.43) Interval 3 (OBS, 18–25) 17 44 0.40 (0.17–0.97) OBS as continuous variable 139 201 0.93 (0.88–0.99) -
↵aTotal number of subjects in the models is lower due to missing covariate data.
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↵bAdjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, total energy intake, plasma cholesterol, and family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative, hormone replacement therapy (among women), dietary fiber, physical activity, and study (MAP I or MAP II).
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- Table 4.
Associations between OBS and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation
Biomarkersa OBS Highc Lowc OR (95% CI)b P trend FIP Interval 1 (OBS, 2–9) 51 20 1.0 <0.01 Interval 2 (OBS, 10–16) 91 68 0.50 (0.25–1.01) Interval 3 (OBS, 17–24) 17 27 0.25 (0.10–0.65) Continuous 159 115 0.87 (0.81–0.94) FOP Interval 1 (OBS, 2–9) 33 45 1.0 <0.01 Interval 2 (OBS, 10–16) 107 77 2.01 (1.13–3.75) Interval 3 (OBS, 17–24) 36 19 3.48 (1.51–8.02) Continuous 176 141 1.10 (1.03–1.17) CRP Interval 1 (OBS, 2–9) 56 31 1.0 <0.01 Interval 2 (OBS, 10–16) 108 87 0.57 (0.31–1.04) Interval 3 (OBS, 17–24) 19 39 0.21 (0.09–0.49) Continuous 183 157 0.88 (0.82–0.94) -
↵aEach biomarker was dichotomized into “high” and “low” based on study- and sex-specific median values among controls.
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↵bAdjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, total energy intake, plasma cholesterol, and family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative, hormone replacement therapy (among women), dietary fiber, physical activity, and study (MAP I or MAP II).
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↵cTotal numbers of subjects in the models differ due to missing covariate or biomarker data.
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- Table 5.
Associations of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation with incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma
Biomarkera Casesc Controlsc OR (95% CI)b P FIP Low 39 76 1.0 0.03 High 80 79 1.89 (1.08–3.30) Log (continuous) 119 155 1.38 (0.79–2.38) FOP Low 44 97 1.0 0.02 High 82 94 1.82 (1.11–2.99) Log (continuous) 126 191 1.32 (0.94–1.87) CRP Low 55 102 1.0 0.14 High 84 99 1.45 (0.88–2.40) Log (continuous) 139 201 1.14 (0.97–1.33) -
↵aEach biomarker was dichotomized into “high” and “low” based on sex-specific median values among controls.
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↵bAdjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, total energy intake, plasma cholesterol, and family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative, hormone replacement therapy (among women), dietary fiber, physical activity, and study (MAP I or MAP II).
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↵cTotal numbers of subjects in the models differ due to missing covariate or biomarker data.
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Additional Files
Supplementary Data
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary Tables 1 through 4 and Supplementary Figure 1 - PDF - 145K, Supplemental Table 1: Sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of individual OBS components on the association between OBS and incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Supplemental Table 2: Associations of the OBS (in quartiles) with incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Supplemental Table 3: Associations of the biomarkers (divided into quartiles) with incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Supplemental Table 4. Association of individual OBS components with each biomarker. Supplemental Figure 1: A hypothetical directed acyclic graph (DAG) showing possible inter-relation of OBS, biomarkers of oxidative stress (FIP and FOP) and inflammation (CRP), and colorectal adenoma.