Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Prevalence of characteristics at baseline across quintiles of DII (with supplements), IWHS, 1986–2010
DII (with supplements)b Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 <−2.75 −2.75 to −1.76 −1.75 to −0.57 −0.56 to 1.10 >1.10 Median = −3.29 Median = −2.26 Median = −1.21 Median = 0.23 Median = 2.13 Characteristicsa [mean (SD) or %] (N = 6,940) (N = 6,941) (N = 6,941) (N = 6,941) (N = 6,940) Age (years) 62.0 (4.2) 61.7 (4.2) 61.6 (4.2) 61.4 (4.1) 61.2 (4.2) Total energy intake (kcal/day) 2,119.1 (664.5) 2,009.5 (631.4) 1,816.4 (532.2) 1,684.8 (446.7) 1,362.9 (406.7) Total fat (% kcal/day) 31.4 (5.4) 33.5 (5.3) 34.2 (5.5) 34.7 (5.6) 36.0 (6.0) Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal/day) 13.5 (3.2) 11.6 (2.9) 10.8 (2.9) 10.5 (2.9) 9.5 (2.8) Vitamin supplement use (% taking) Any 85.0 73.9 65.5 47.3 34.1 Multivitamin 68.9 50.2 35.3 9.9 2.0 Calcium 63.2 53.0 46.6 37.4 29.2 Vitamin C 32.0 21.9 16.9 9.5 3.8 Vitamin E 28.6 19.8 14.9 7.4 2.0 BMI (%; kg/m2) ≤24.9 42.5 40.2 39.4 38.5 38.6 25–30 37.1 37.1 37.4 36.9 36.2 ≥30 20.5 22.7 23.2 24.7 25.2 Education (%) Less than high school 15.2 16.6 17.6 19.3 21.6 High school 36.4 40.8 42.1 43.7 47.5 More than high school 48.4 42.6 40.3 37.0 30.9 Smoking (%) Never 70.3 68.5 65.7 64.6 59.0 Former 20.3 19.1 19.1 19.7 18.9 Current 9.5 12.5 15.3 15.7 22.1 Alcohol intake (%) 0 g/day 58.6 54.2 52.7 54.3 55.0 <15 g/day 34.1 39.8 41.1 39.4 38.2 ≥15 g/day 7.4 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.8 Level of physical activityc (%) Low 33.7 42.3 48.4 51.9 61.2 Middle 29.8 30.2 27.4 27.4 22.8 High 36.5 27.5 24.2 20.7 16.1 Hormone therapy use (yes, %) 43.8 39.9 39.2 36.9 34.0 Diabetes at baseline (yes, %) 6.6 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.3 History of aspirin use (1992 survey, ever %) 73.5 72.7 71.6 71.4 71.0 History of NSAIDs use (1992 survey, ever %) 84.2 83.8 82.6 82.4 81.6 -
↵aAll variables are measured at baseline (1986) unless otherwise noted. Some column percentages are presented; they do not always add to 100 because of rounding.
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↵bQuintile 1 refers to scores indicating the most antiinflammatory diet, and quintile 5 refers to scores indicating the most proinflammatory diet.
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↵cPhysical activity level: High, more than 4 times per week for moderate physical activities (e.g., bowling, golf, light sports or physical exercise, gardening, taking long walks) or more than 2 times per week for vigorous physical activities (e.g., jogging, racquet sports, swimming, aerobics, strenuous sports); Middle, more than 2 times per week for moderate physical activities or a few times a month for both moderate and vigorous physical activities; Low, those not belonging to activity level 2 or 3.
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- Table 2.
Distribution of food groups across quintiles of DII (with supplements)a, IWHS, 1986–2010
Quintile1 Quintile2 Quintile3 Quintile4 Quintile5 Food groups (servings/week) Direction increase with DIIb Difference (Q5 − Q1)/Q1 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Other vegetables (other than green leafy vegetables or potatoes) — —65% 27.3 19.8 16.0 13.8 9.7 Low-fat dairy — —63% 10.6 9.1 7.9 6.6 3.9 Green leafy vegetables — —62% 7.5 5.5 4.4 3.9 2.8 Fish/seafood — —62% 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 Fruit (no juice) — —61% 19.9 15.6 12.9 11.2 7.7 Nuts — —61% 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.9 1.4 Whole grains — —60% 16.8 12.9 10.8 9.3 6.7 Beans without soy — —56% 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Fruit juice — —52% 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.5 3.1 Poultry — —52% 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 Wine — —39% 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 Potatoes — —31% 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.1 2.4 Salty snacks — —30% 4.5 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.1 Margarine — —27% 10.4 10.1 9.6 9.2 7.6 Tea — —26% 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.5 Eggs — —24% 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 Sweets without chocolate — —22% 8.1 9.1 8.2 7.7 6.3 Low-calorie beverages — —20% 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 Red meat — —13% 5.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.0 Chocolate 0 —3% 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 High-fat dairy 0 —3% 9.6 10.9 10.4 10.2 9.3 Refined grains 0 0% 8.3 8.9 9.0 9.2 8.2 Nitrate processed meat 0 1% 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 French fries + 6% 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 High-sugar beverages + 18% 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Liquor + 24% 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 Fried food + 29% 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 Coffee + 36% 9.9 11.4 11.8 12.1 13.5 Beer + 37% 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 Butter + 56% 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 -
↵aThe foods listed are meant to give the reader a sense of how dietary intake varies across DII quintiles; though some listed foods are indeed among the 37 parameters that are used in computation of DII in the IWHS, these are not meant to be a list of contributors to the DII.
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↵b+ indicates increase across quintiles;—indicates decrease across quintiles; 0 indicates no or <5% change.
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- Table 3.
DII from food and supplements and colorectal cancer risk; IWHS, 1986–2010
Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Colorectal cancer Colon cancer Rectal cancer DII continuous 1,636 1.09 (1.03–1.14) 1.07 (1.01–1.13) 1,329 1.08 (1.02–1.13) 1.05 (0.99–1.12) 325 1.10 (0.99–1.23) 1.11 (0.98–1.25) DII quintiles Quintile 1 290 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 236 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 58 1 (referent) 1 (referent) Quintile 2 318 1.11 (0.94–1.30) 1.04 (0.89–1.22) 267 1.14 (0.96–1.34) 1.07 (0.89–1.28) 54 0.93 (0.64–1.35) 0.91 (0.62–1.32) Quintile 3 335 1.18 (1.01–1.38) 1.11 (0.95–1.31) 270 1.17 (0.98–1.40) 1.10 (0.92–1.31) 73 1.28 (0.91–1.81) 1.23 (0.86–1.76) Quintile 4 341 1.20 (1.03–1.40) 1.13 (0.95–1.33) 270 1.17 (0.98–1.39) 1.08 (0.89–1.29) 71 1.24 (0.88–1.76) 1.25 (0.87–1.80) Quintile 5 352 1.29 (1.10–1.51) 1.20 (1.01–1.43) 286 1.28 (1.08–1.53) 1.19 (0.98–1.45) 69 1.25 (0.88–1.77) 1.21 (0.81–1.79) P trend 0.001 0.03 0.008 0.10 0.09 0.16 - Table 4.
DII from foods only, DII from vitamin supplements, and colorectal cancer risk; IWHS, 1986–2010.
Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Cases (n) HRa (95% CI) HRb (95% CI) Colorectal cancer Colon cancer Rectal cancer DII from foods onlyc Continuous 1,636 1.09 (1.03–1.14) 1.08 (1.01–1.15) 1,329 1.08 (1.02–1.14) 1.06 (0.99–1.14) 325 1.11 (0.99–1.24) 1.13 (0.98–1.31) Quintilesd Quintile 1 294 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 237 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 58 1 (referent) 1 (referent) Quintile 2 323 1.11 (0.95–1.30) 1.07 (0.90–1.26) 271 1.15 (0.96–1.37) 1.10 (0.91–1.32) 60 1.07 (0.74–1.54) 1.07 (0.73–1.56) Quintile 3 338 1.16 (0.99–1.36) 1.12 (0.94–1.33) 268 1.12 (0.94–1.34) 1.07 (0.88–1.30) 73 1.35 (0.95–1.92) 1.37 (0.93–2.01) Quintile 4 351 1.21 (1.03–1.43) 1.16 (0.97–1.40) 293 1.23 (1.03–1.47) 1.16 (0.95–1.43) 61 1.16 (0.80–1.68) 1.20 (0.79–1.84) Quintile 5 330 1.17 (0.99–1.38) 1.12 (0.91–1.38) 260 1.12 (0.93–1.35) 1.06 (0.84–1.33) 73 1.43 (0.99–2.05) 1.48 (0.94–2.34) P trend 0.004 0.08 0.02 0.27 0.10 0.13 DII from supplementse Continuous 1,636 1.04 (0.99–1.10) 1.02 (0.97–1.08) 1,329 1.04 (0.98–1.09) 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 325 1.05 (0.93–1.17) 1.02 (0.91–1.15) Categoriesf 1 (N = 5,824) 273 0.91 (0.79–1.04) 0.94 (0.82–1.09) 226 0.84 (0.69–1.02) 0.84 (0.69–1.03) 52 1.10 (0.74–1.64) 1.10 (0.73–1.64) 2 (N = 5,824) 236 0.81 (0.70–0.94) 0.84 (0.73–0.98) 186 0.91 (0.74–1.11) 0.89 (0.72–1.09) 53 1.30 (0.88–1.92) 1.21 (0.81–1.81) 3 (N = 5,826) 256 0.89 (0.77–1.02) 0.89 (0.77–1.03) 199 1.09 (0.94–1.27) 1.05 (0.90–1.23) 61 1.08 (0.79–1.49) 1.02 (0.74–1.42) 4 (N = 17,229) 871 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 718 1 (referent) 1 (referent) 159 1 (referent) 1 (referent) P trend 0.09 0.29 0.15 0.36 0.56 0.88 -
↵aAdjusted for age and the other DII variable.
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↵bAdjusted for age, the other DII variable, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, HRT use, education, diabetes, and total energy intake.
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↵cThese are for foods only, exclusive of supplement intake.
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↵dReference category is the lowest (i.e., most antiinflammatory) quintile; increasing quintiles of DII from food groups represent increasing inflammatory scores.
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↵eThis is obtained by subtracting the DII score for foods only from the DII derived by including both foods and supplements.
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↵fReference category represents nonsupplement users; categories 1 to 3 represent tertiles of the DII from supplement users. Category 1 represents women with the greatest contribution from supplements to the DII score. DII score median (range): categories 1, −3.00 (<—2.0552); 2, −1.31 (—2.0552 to −0.7616); 3, −0.34 (—0.7615 to 0.0000); 4, 0.00 (0.0000 to 0.1765).
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