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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Short Communications

Bra Wearing Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case–Control Study

Lu Chen, Kathleen E. Malone and Christopher I. Li
Lu Chen
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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  • For correspondence: luchen78@uw.edu
Kathleen E. Malone
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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Christopher I. Li
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414 Published October 2014
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Distribution of selected characteristics among controls, ductal cases, and lobular cases

    ControlsDuctal casesLobular cases
    (n = 469)(n = 454)(n = 590)
    Characteristicn (%)n (%)n (%)
    Age, y
     55–59137 (29.2)126 (27.8)178 (30.2)
     60–64121 (25.8)109 (24.0)155 (26.3)
     65–69113 (24.1)117 (25.8)141 (23.9)
     70–7498 (20.9)102 (22.5)116 (19.7)
    Race/ethnicity
     Non-Hispanic White423 (90.2)406 (89.6)546 (92.5)
     African American8 (1.7)10 (2.2)9 (1.5)
     Asian/Pacific Islander9 (1.9)16 (3.5)11 (1.9)
     Native American10 (2.1)11 (2.4)11 (1.9)
     Hispanic White19 (4.1)10 (2.2)13 (2.2)
     Missing010
    Education
     High school or less150 (32.0)154 (33.9)188 (31.9)
     Some college182 (38.8)163 (35.9)198 (33.6)
     College graduates87 (18.6)88 (19.4)124 (21.0)
     Postgraduates50 (10.7)49 (10.8)80 (13.6)
    Annual income
     <$20,00038 (9.6)54 (14.1)62 (12.5)
     $20,000–34,99976 (19.3)72 (18.8)106 (21.4)
     $35,000–69,999159 (40.4)136 (35.5)160 (32.3)
     $70,000–89,99947 (11.9)44 (11.5)78 (15.7)
     ≥$90,00074 (18.8)77 (20.1)90 (18.1)
     Missing757194
    BMI at 30 years of age (kg/m2)
     <25.0378 (82.0)369 (81.8)504 (86.7)
     25.0–29.966 (14.3)68 (15.1)58 (10.0)
     ≥30.017 (3.7)14 (3.1)19 (3.3)
     Missing839
    BMI 1 month before reference date (kg/m2)
     <25.0146 (31.2)158 (34.8)212 (36.1)
     25.0–29.9163 (34.8)144 (31.7)195 (33.2)
     ≥30159 (34.0)152 (33.5)180 (30.7)
     Missing103
    Menopausal hormone therapy use
     Never118 (25.3)141 (31.2)125 (21.2)
     Former107 (23.0)70 (15.5)81 (13.8)
     Current estrogen only146 (31.3)110 (24.3)142 (24.1)
     Current estrogen + progestin95 (20.4)131 (29.0)241 (40.9)
     Missing321
    First-degree family history of breast cancer
     No380 (84.3)334 (77.9)440 (76.5)
     Yes71 (15.7)95 (22.1)135 (23.5)
     Missing182515
    Had a mammogram within the past 2 years
     No51 (10.9)37 (8.1)44 (7.5)
     Yes418 (89.1)417 (91.9)546 (92.5)
    Menopausal status
     Natural266 (58.0)302 (67.7)391 (68.2)
     Induceda68 (14.8)49 (11.0)71 (12.4)
     Simple hysterectomy125 (27.2)95 (21.3)111 (19.4)
     Missing10817
    Parous
     No36 (7.7)60 (13.2)81 (13.7)
     Yes433 (92.3)394 (86.8)509 (86.3)
    • ↵aWomen who had bilateral oophorectomy were classified as having an induced menopause.

  • Table 2.

    Associations between bra-wearing characteristics and breast cancer risk

    Controls (n = 469)Ductal cases (n = 454)Lobular cases (n = 590)
    Bra-wearing characteristicn (%)n (%)OR (95% CI)n (%)OR (95% CI)
    Lifetime average hours/day wore a bra, quartiles
     ≤10.0112 (25.1)117 (27.1)Ref152 (27.3)Ref
     10.1–11.5113 (25.3)99 (22.9)0.9 (0.6–1.3)115 (20.6)0.7 (0.5–1.0)
     11.6–13.9107 (24.0)117 (27.1)1.1 (0.7–1.6)151 (27.1)0.9 (0.7–1.4)
     ≥14114 (25.6)99 (22.9)0.9 (0.6–1.3)139 (25.0)0.8 (0.6–1.2)
     P for trend0.8010.609
    Current average hours/day wore a bra, quartiles
     ≤10.0131 (29.5)116 (26.9)Ref165 (29.6)Ref
     10.1–12.0123 (27.5)113 (26.2)1.1 (0.8–1.6)136 (24.4)0.8 (0.6–1.2)
     12.1–15.979 (17.7)99 (22.9)1.6 (1.0–2.3)118 (21.2)1.1 (0.7–1.6)
     ≥16113 (25.3)104 (24.1)1.2 (0.8–1.8)138 (24.8)0.9 (0.6–1.3)
     P for trend0.2070.855
    Ever regularly wore a bra with an underwire
     No251 (56.4)233 (54.1)Ref331 (59.6)Ref
     Yes194 (43.6)198 (45.9)1.2 (0.9–1.6)224 (40.4)0.8 (0.6–1.1)
    Currently wore a bra with an underwire
     No283 (63.6)273 (63.3)Ref365 (65.8)Ref
     Yes162 (36.4)158 (36.7)1.0 (0.8–1.4)190 (34.2)0.9 (0.7–1.1)
    Current average hours/day wore a bra without underwire, quartiles
     ≤10.096 (33.9)87 (31.9)Ref128 (35.1)Ref
     10.1–12.087 (30.7)80 (29.3)1.1 (0.7–1.7)97 (26.6)0.8 (0.5–1.2)
     12.1–15.941 (14.5)51 (18.7)1.6 (0.9–2.7)70 (19.2)1.1 (0.7–1.9)
     ≥1659 (20.8)55 (20.1)1.2 (0.7–2.1)70 (19.2)0.8 (0.5–1.3)
     P for trend0.2810.713
    Current average hours/day wore a bra with an underwire, quartiles
     <9.540 (24.7)40 (25.3)Ref48 (25.3)Ref
     9.5–12.050 (30.9)37 (23.4)0.8 (0.4–1.5)48 (25.3)0.9 (0.5–1.6)
     12.1–15.033 (20.4)41 (25.9)1.3 (0.7–2.4)40 (21.1)1.0 (0.5–1.8)
     ≥15.139 (24.1)40 (25.3)1.2 (0.6–2.2)54 (28.4)1.2 (0.6–2.2)
     P for trend0.3890.541
    Age first began wearing a bra, y
     ≤12162 (34.5)145 (31.9)Ref185 (31.4)Ref
     13–14217 (46.3)213 (46.9)1.1 (0.8–1.4)303 (51.4)1.2 (0.9–1.6)
     ≥1590 (19.2)96 (21.1)1.2 (0.8–1.7)102 (17.3)1.0 (0.7–1.4)
     P for trend0.4260.903
    Bra cup size 1 year before the reference date
     A17 (3.7)34 (7.6)1.9 (1.0–3.6)43 (7.4)1.8 (1.0–3.3)
     B152 (32.7)144 (32.1)Ref203 (34.9)Ref
     C166 (35.7)157 (35.0)1.0 (0.7–1.3)176 (30.3)0.8 (0.6–1.1)
     D or above130 (28.0)113 (25.2)0.9 (0.7–1.3)159 (27.4)0.9 (0.7–1.3)
     P for trend0.1380.095

    NOTE: All analysis adjusted for age at the reference date, reference year, and county.

    The numbers in the column may not add up to the total case/control numbers due to missingness in some of the bra wearing variables.

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    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 23 (10)
    October 2014
    Volume 23, Issue 10
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    Bra Wearing Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case–Control Study
    Lu Chen, Kathleen E. Malone and Christopher I. Li
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev October 1 2014 (23) (10) 2181-2185; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414

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    Bra Wearing Not Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case–Control Study
    Lu Chen, Kathleen E. Malone and Christopher I. Li
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev October 1 2014 (23) (10) 2181-2185; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414
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