The Ability of Plasma Cotinine to Predict Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure is Altered by Differences in CYP2A6: the Influence of Genetics, Race, and Sex

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

1Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 4Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 6Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California