Nutrients, Food Groups, Dietary Patterns, and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Postmenopausal Women

Maki Inoue-Choi; Andrew Flood; Kim Robien; Kristin Anderson

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0026

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0026 Published April 2011

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics and risk of pancreatic cancer

	Cases (n = 256)	Person-years	Incidence rate^a	HR^b (95% CI)	P^c
Age (mean ± SD), y
<60	74 (28.9%)	215,407	34.4	1.0	<0.0001
60 to <65	91 (35.6%)	199,979	45.5	1.4 (1.0–1.8)
≥65	91 (35.6%)	147,910	61.5	1.9 (1.4–2.6)
BMI (mean ± SD)
<25	123 (48.0%)	271,774	45.3	1.0	0.35
25 to <30	78 (30.5%)	191,675	40.7	0.9 (0.7–1.2)
≥30	55 (21.5%)	99,847	55.1	1.1 (1.0–1.2)
Race
White	250 (99.6%)	552,869	45.2	1.0	0.52
Others	1 (0.4%)	4,457	22.4	0.5 (0.1–3.7)
Education
Less than High school	47 (18.4%)	101,635	46.2	1.0	0.81
High school	106 (41.4%)	239,376	44.3	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
Greater than High school	103 (40.2%)	222,285	46.3	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Cigarette smoking
Never smoker	161 (63.9%)	377,586	42.6	1.0	0.001
Former smoker	40 (15.9%)	103,947	38.5	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
Current smoker	51 (20.2%)	74,271	68.7	1.9 (1.4–2.5)
Alcohol intake
No	136 (53.1%)	309,944	43.9	1.0	0.36
Yes	120 (48.9%)	253,352	47.4	(0.9–1.4)
Physical activity
Low	130 (51.0%)	259,284	50.1	1.0	0.17
Moderate	64 (25.1%)	154,389	41.5	0.8 (0.6–1.1)
High	61 (23.4%)	141,059	43.2	0.9 (0.6–1.2)
History of diabetes
No	232 (91.3%)	531,889	43.6	1.0	0.007
Yes	22 (8.7%)	27,667	79.5	1.9 (1.2–3.0)

↵^aPer 100,000 person-years.
↵^bAge-adjusted HR and 95% CI.
↵^cWald χ² test.

Table 2.

Dietary intake of nutrients, food groups and dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer

	Quintiles of dietary intake or dietary pattern scores					P_trend
	1 (lowest)	2	3	4	5 (highest)
Nutrient intake
Total calorie
Median, kcal/d	1,107	1,449	1,718	2,027	2,567
Cases	56	50	51	44	55
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.88 (0.60–1.28)	0.89 (0.61–1.30)	0.77 (0.52–1.15)	0.96 (0.66–1.39)	0.77
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.90 (0.61–1.32)	0.86 (0.58–1.27)	0.81 (0.54–1.21)	0.97 (0.66–1.42)	0.81
Carbohydrate
Median, g/d	141.0	182.0	203.3	222.0	252.7
Cases	53	74	43	44	42
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	1.32 (0.93–1.88)	0.75 (0.50–1.12)	0.75 (0.50–1.12)	0.71 (0.47–1.07)	0.008
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	1.38 (0.96–1.99)	0.83 (0.55–1.25)	0.84 (0.56–1.27)	0.81 (0.53–1.23)	0.06
Vitamin C
Median, mg/d	82.40	137.50	184.25	271.80	678.55
Cases	53	55	47	54	47
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.99 (0.68–1.45)	0.84 (0.57–1.25)	0.98 (0.67–1.44)	0.87 (0.59–1.29)	0.53
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	1.09 (0.73–1.62)	0.97 (0.65–1.46)	1.16 (0.78–1.72)	0.99 (0.66–1.49)	0.84
Vitamin E
Median, mg/d	5.2	6.9	8.7	22.1	241.0
Cases	56	51	59	51	39
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.88 (0.60–1.29)	1.03 (0.71–1.48)	0.89 (0.61–1.30)	0.68 (0.45–1.02)	0.05
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.93 (0.63–1.38)	1.07 (0.73–1.57)	0.95 (0.65–1.41)	0.76 (0.50–1.16)	0.13
Food group intake
Total vegetables
Median (servings/wk)	11.5	17.5	22.0	28.0	40.0
Cases	48	43	53	56	56
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.89 (0.59–1.35)	1.09 (0.74–1.61)	1.14 (0.78–1.68)	1.16 (0.79–1.70)	0.26
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.82 (0.53–1.26)	1.13 (0.76–1.68)	1.15 (0.77–1.71)	1.21 (0.81–1.80)	0.14
Total fruits
Median (servings/wk)	6.5	12.5	16.5	21.0	29.5
Cases	51	53	61	48	43
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.96 (0.65–1.41)	1.10 (0.75–1.59)	0.85 (0.57–1.27)	0.77 (0.51–1.15)	0.15
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	1.12 (0.75–1.67)	1.27 (0.86–1.88)	1.02 (0.67–1.55)	0.98 (0.64–1.50)	0.71
Total vegetables and fruits
Median, servings/wk	22.0	32.0	4.0	48.0	64.5
Cases	51	46	58	47	54
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.85 (0.57–1.27)	1.07 (0.73–1.55)	0.85 (0.57–1.27)	1.00 (0.68–1.46)	0.97
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.95 (0.63–1.43)	1.15 (0.77–1.71)	1.00 (0.66–1.51)	1.18 (0.79–1.77)	0.38
Red meat
Median, servings/wk	2.0	3.5	5.0	7.0	9.0
Cases	54	43	52	55	52
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.79 (0.53–1.18)	0.95 (0.65–1.39)	1.00 (0.69–1.46)	0.96 (0.65–1.40)	0.78
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.85 (0.57–1.28)	0.99 (0.67–1.47)	1.06 (0.72–1.55)	0.97 (0.65–1.44)	0.79
Dietary pattern scores
High vegetable
Cases	49	43	58	50	56
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.89 (0.59–1.34)	1.20 (0.82–1.76)	1.05 (0.71–1.56)	1.23 (0.84–1.81)	0.06
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.83 (0.54–1.26)	1.19 (0.81–1.75)	1.04 (0.69–1.56)	1.25 (0.84–1.87)	0.03
Low fat
Cases	56	50	48	52	50
Age-adjusted HR	1.050	0.82 (0.56–1.20)	0.76 (0.52–1.12)	0.80 (0.54–1.17)	0.76 (0.52–1.12)	0.23
Multivariate HR*	1.0	0.93 (0.62–1.38)	0.90 (0.60–1.36)	0.95 (0.63–1.42)	0.97 (0.64–1.47)	0.99
Mediterranean
Cases	54	50	39	53	60
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.96 (0.65–1.41)	0.77 (0.51–1.16)	1.09 (0.75–1.59)	1.32 (0.91–1.92)	0.07
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.92 (0.62–1.36)	0.69 (0.44–1.06)	1.00 (0.67–1.49)	1.27 (0.84–1.90)	0.14
High fiber
Cases	54	56	44	56	46
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.97 (0.66–1.41)	0.73 (0.49–1.09)	0.92 (0.63–1.34)	0.73 (0.49–1.09)	0.20
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	1.04 (0.71–1.53)	0.79 (0.52–1.19)	1.08 (0.73–1.60)	0.85 (0.56–1.29)	0.74
High sweet
Cases	50	48	59	59	40
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.89 (0.60–1.32)	1.08 (0.74–1.58)	1.08 (0.74–1.57)	0.74 (0.49–1.12)	0.11
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.93 (0.63–1.39)	1.05 (0.71–1.55)	1.09 (0.74–1.60)	0.74 (0.48–1.13)	0.10
High fruit
Cases	52	52	55	49	48
Age-adjusted HR	1.0	0.97 (0.66–1.42)	1.03 (0.70–1.50)	0.91 (0.61–1.34)	0.91 (0.62–1.35)	0.28
Multivariate HR^a	1.0	0.96 (0.65–1.42)	1.05 (0.72–1.55)	0.94 (0.63–1.40)	0.96 (0.64–1.43)	0.41

Note: HRs and 95% CIs in parentheses.

↵^aAdjusted for age (continuous), race, education (less than high school, high school, greater than high school), alcohol intake (yes/no), smoking (current, past, never smoker), physical activity (low, moderate, high).