Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Frequency of current drinkers and corresponding ORs (99% CIs) from multivariable logistic regression for the significant or borderline significant explanatory factors for being a current drinker
Factor Total no. survivors % Current drinker ORs for being a current drinker (99% CI) Pheterogeneity* Ptrend (Pnonlinearity)† Overall 10,389 77.2% Gender Males 5,307 79.6% 1.00 Females 5,082 74.8% 0.70 (0.57-0.87) <0.001 Radiotherapy No 2,209‡ 82.5% 1.00 Radiotherapy to non (abdominal/pelvic/brain) site 1,281‡ 86.3% 1.21 (0.82-1.78) Radiotherapy to abdominal and pelvic region 983‡ 84.1% 0.93 (0.61-1.41) Radiotherapy to brain 2,941‡ 73.8% 0.70 (0.49-0.99) 0.022 SEC§ Managerial and professional occupations 2,320‡ 90.3% 1.00 Intermediate occupations 1,828‡ 84.6% 0.88 (0.63-1.21) Routine and manual occupations 3,173‡ 81.4% 0.83 (0.61-1.13) 0.071 (0.775)∥ Never worked and unemployed 606‡ 64.0% 0.49 (0.31-0.76) Student 1,732‡ 59.0% 0.34 (0.22-0.52) <0.001 Legal marital status Single 6,823‡ 73.8% 1.00 Married 2,715‡ 84.5% 1.17 (0.90-1.52) Separated/widowed/divorced 622‡ 83.9% 1.63 (1.05-2.54) 0.012 Region¶ England London 952‡ 72.4% 1.00 North East 477‡ 78.2% 1.95 (1.10-3.46) North West 1,246‡ 77.1% 1.51 (1.00-2.29) Yorkshire and the Humber 889‡ 78.0% 1.75 (1.10-2.79) East Midlands 794‡ 77.0% 1.88 (1.17-3.03) West Midlands 952‡ 74.1% 1.41 (0.91-2.19) East of England 1,105‡ 78.5% 1.59 (1.06-2.39) South East 1,509‡ 79.9% 1.75 (1.18-2.58) South West 1,045‡ 79.2% 1.62 (1.05-2.48) Wales 515‡ 79.4% 2.51 (1.40-4.51) Scotland 894‡ 75.3% 1.61 (1.02-2.52) 0.003 Level of educational attainment** No qualifications 1,545‡ 55.0% 1.00 Level 1 4,191‡ 77.4% 1.63 (1.20-2.21) Level 2 2,879‡ 84.9% 2.20 (1.56-3.11) Level 3 1,430‡ 90.2% 2.28 (1.49-3.52) <0.001 <0.001 (0.045) Third party completed the questionnaire No 9,091 81.2% 1.00 Yes 1,298 49.8% 0.60 (0.44-0.83) <0.001 Physical function score†† Low 999‡ 55.2% 1.00 Moderate 3,968‡ 76.5% 1.30 (0.90-1.88) High 5,010‡ 83.6% 1.70 (1.11-2.60) 0.002 <0.001 (0.950) Social functioning score†† Low 1,073‡ 58.6% 1.00 Moderate 3,069‡ 76.5% 1.25 (0.86-1.81) High 5,994‡ 81.9% 1.58 (1.03-2.43) 0.015 0.004 (0.940) ↵*The P value (two-sided) is from the likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity in the probability of being a current alcohol drinker across different levels of the specified explanatory factor with adjustment for all other factors in the multivariable model. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵†The Ptrend is from the test for trend and the P value in parentheses is from the test for departure from a linear trend. Both P values are two-sided. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵‡These values do not add up to the total because of exclusion of those with no record of treatment (radiotherapy, n = 2,975) and unusable or missing data (SEC: missing data or occupations given were inadequately described or could not be used to classify SEC, n = 730; legal marital status: missing data, n = 229; region: survivors who lived in Northern Ireland or the Channel Islands, n = 11, were excluded from the analysis; educational attainment: missing data, n = 344; physical function score: missing data, n = 412; social functioning score: missing data, n = 253).
↵§For SEC, the survivor's present or most recent occupation was used to classify survivors into “managerial and professional occupations,” “intermediate occupations,” or “routine and manual occupations” defined by the 2002 General Household Survey (14); two further categories were added: “student” and “never worked or unemployed” due to the BCCSS population characteristics.
↵∥For SEC, the tests for trend and for departure from a linear trend were completed using the first three levels of the factor: managerial and professional, intermediate, and routine and manual occupations.
↵¶Region was based on government office regions in Great Britain (14) and was established using the survivor's address at questionnaire completion or, if not available, the location of their registered general practitioner.
↵**The different levels for educational attainment relate to formal educational qualifications in Great Britain, which include level 1, which corresponds to a low level of qualification obtained in Great Britain (e.g., General Certificate of Standard Education); level 2, which corresponds to an intermediate level of educational attainment (e.g., Advanced level qualification); and level 3, the highest level of qualification, a first degree or higher.
↵††The score categories were for physical function (low, 0-45; moderate, 46-99; high, 100) and social functioning (low, 0-44; moderate, 45-99; high, 100); see Materials and Methods for explanation on defining these categories.
- Table 2.
Frequency of survivors consuming over the weekly drinking recommendations and corresponding ORs (99% CIs) from multivariable logistic regression for the significant or borderline significant explanatory factors for consuming over recommended levels
Factor Total no. current drinkers Percentage consuming over recommended levels* ORs (99% CI) Pheterogeneity† Ptrend (Pnonlinearity)‡ Overall 7,973§ 23.8% Gender Males 4,189 27.7% 1.00 Females 3,784 19.5% 0.65 (0.53-0.79) <0.001 Age at questionnaire completion (y) 16-24 2,602 26.1% 1.00 25-34 2,922 22.9% 0.71 (0.53-0.94) 35-44 1,651 23.1% 0.85 (0.59-1.22) 45-54 657 21.0% 0.84 (0.52-1.36) ≥55 141 21.3% 0.81 (0.37-1.77) 0.017 0.057 (0.039) Radiotherapy No 1,810∥ 24.3% 1.00 Radiotherapy to non (abdominal/pelvic/brain) site 1,099∥ 25.5% 1.00 (0.72-1.38) Radiotherapy to abdominal and pelvic region 826∥ 23.9% 0.97 (0.67-1.41) Radiotherapy to brain 2,149∥ 20.4% 0.63 (0.44-0.91) 0.013 Legal marital status Single 4,994∥ 26.4% 1.00 Married 2,286∥ 18.2% 0.54 (0.42-0.70) Separated/widowed/divorced 519∥ 24.3% 0.80 (0.55-1.16) <0.001 Third party completed the questionnaire No 7,344 24.7% 1.00 Yes 629 13.2% 0.52 (0.33-0.83) <0.001 Whether receiving long-term regular hospital follow-up¶ No 4,992∥ 24.6% 1.00 Yes 2,732∥ 22.6% 0.82 (0.66-1.02) 0.018 General health perception score** Low 681∥ 23.2% 1.00 Moderate 2,958∥ 26.1% 1.09 (0.73-1.63) High 4,195∥ 22.4% 0.83 (0.53-1.30) 0.010 0.019 (0.057) Mental health score** Low 1,218∥ 26.9% 1.00 Moderate 2,192∥ 22.4% 0.63 (0.45-0.86) High 4,401∥ 24.0% 0.63 (0.45-0.90) <0.001 0.007 (0.007) ↵*This includes all current drinkers who reported weekly alcohol units of >21 units for men and >14 units for women.
↵†The P value (two-sided) is from the likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity in the probability of consuming over the recommended weekly alcohol units across different levels of the specified explanatory factor with adjustment for all other factors in the multivariable model, using only the current drinkers. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵‡The Ptrend is from the test for trend and the P value in parentheses is from the test for departure from a linear trend. Both P values are two-sided. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵§This is not all current drinkers (n = 8,024) due to missing alcohol units for 51 survivors.
↵∥These values do not equal the total because of exclusion of those with no record of treatment (radiotherapy n = 2,089) and unusable or missing data (legal marital status: missing data, n = 174; whether receiving long-term regular hospital follow-up: missing data, n = 249; general health perception score: missing data, n = 139; mental health score: missing data, n = 162).
↵¶Information obtained from the consent form returned from the general practitioner, which asked whether the survivor was receiving long-term regular hospital follow-up in relation to his/her childhood neoplastic disease.
↵**The score categories were for general health perception (low, 0-32; moderate, 33-76; high, 77-100) and mental health (low, 0-52; moderate, 53-75; high, 76-100).
- Table 3.
Frequency of survivors consuming harmful amounts of alcohol and corresponding ORs (99% CIs) from multivariable logistic regression for the significant or borderline significant explanatory factors for consuming harmful amounts
Factor Total no. current drinkers Percentage consuming harmful amounts of alcohol* ORs (99% CI) Pheterogeneity† Ptrend (Pnonlinearity)‡ Overall 7,973§ 3.9% Gender Males 4,189 5.0% 1.00 Females 3,784 2.8% 0.39 (0.23-0.66) <0.001 Legal marital status Single 4,994∥ 4.4% 1.00 Married 2,286∥ 2.5% 0.50 (0.26-0.96) Separated/widowed/divorced 519∥ 5.0% 1.16 (0.52-2.59) 0.004 Level of educational attainment No qualifications 841∥ 5.5% 1.00 Level 1 3,223∥ 4.5% 0.77 (0.37-1.60) Level 2 2,433∥ 3.7% 0.66 (0.30-1.47) Level 3 1,288∥ 1.5% 0.25 (0.08-0.78) 0.006 0.003 (0.179) ↵*This includes all current drinkers who reported weekly alcohol units of >50 units for men and >35 units for women.
↵†The P value (two-sided) is from the likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity in the probability of consuming harmful weekly amounts of alcohol, across different levels of the specified explanatory factor with adjustment for all other factors in the multivariable model, using only the current drinkers. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵‡The Ptrend is from the test for trend and the P value in parentheses is from the test for departure from a linear trend. Both P values are two-sided. The threshold for statistical significance was 0.01.
↵§This is not all current drinkers (n = 8,024) due to missing alcohol units for 51 survivors.
↵∥These values do not equal the total because of unusable or missing data (legal marital status: missing data, n = 174; educational attainment: missing data, n = 188).
- Table 4.
Comparison of the prevalence of current drinkers among survivors and the general population of Britain, overall and for childhood cancer and treatment subgroups, with ORs and 99% CIs from a multivariable GEE logistic regression model
Childhood cancer type group and treatment subgroup where relevant Numbers used Percentage of current drinkers* OR (99% CI)† GHS (reference) 12,618‡ 86.2%‡ 1.00 All survivors 10,387§ 77.2% 0.52 (0.46-0.60) Brain irradiated 2,941∥ 73.8% 0.46 (0.39-0.55) Brain not irradiated 4,471∥ 84.0% 0.71 (0.61-0.83) CNS neoplasm 2,182 67.4% 0.34 (0.29-0.41) Brain irradiated 1,009∥ 62.9% 0.29 (0.23-0.37) Brain not irradiated 704∥ 76.4% 0.49 (0.37-0.65) Leukemia 2,849 75.5% 0.50 (0.42-0.61) Brain irradiated 1,878∥ 79.9% 0.61 (0.49-0.75) Brain not irradiated 163∥ 84.0% 0.68 (0.38-1.23) Hodgkin's lymphoma 735 86.0% 0.70 (0.51-0.95) Non–Hodgkin's lymphoma 535 84.9% 0.71 (0.50-1.02) Neuroblastoma 424 75.9% 0.51 (0.36-0.72) Wilms' tumor 966 81.2% 0.69 (0.53-0.90) Bone sarcomas 397 86.6% 0.83 (0.53-1.30) Soft tissue sarcomas 716 83.2% 0.70 (0.51-0.95) Retinoblastoma 703 80.5% 0.59 (0.44-0.79) Other neoplasms¶ 880 79.9% 0.58 (0.45-0.75) ↵*These percentages will be very slightly different to those reported in Table 1 because we used survivors aged ≤69 years for this external comparison.
↵†From a GEE multivariable logistic regression controlling for age at questionnaire completion (only those aged up to and including 69 years were included because educational attainment was only requested from individuals aged up to and including 69 years in the GHS), gender, legal marital status, SEC, educational attainment, and region, and took into account the GHS weighting factor, for the likelihood of being a current drinker.
↵‡These are the unweighted values from the GHS. Using the GHS weighting factor, the weighted percentage of current drinkers from the GHS was 86.0%.
↵§This does not include the total number of survivors for whom we have current drinking data; two survivors were excluded from this analysis due to being aged >69 years at questionnaire completion.
↵∥These do not sum the total number of survivors used because the category “brain not irradiated” does not include the survivors for whom we have no record of their radiotherapy; this was for all survivors (n = 2,975), for CNS neoplasm survivors (n = 469), and for leukemia survivors (n = 808).
↵¶Other neoplasms include Burkitt's lymphomas; intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors; gonadal germ cell tumors; other and unspecified nongonadal germ cell tumors; thyroid carcinomas; and malignant melanoma, skin carcinoma, and other less frequently occurring carcinomas.
- Table 5.
Comparison of the prevalence of current drinkers consuming over the weekly drinking recommendations, and consuming harmful weekly amounts of alcohol, among survivors and the general population of Britain, overall and for childhood cancer and treatment subgroups, with ORs and 99% CIs from multivariable GEE logistic regression models
Childhood cancer type group and treatment subgroup where relevant Numbers used* Consuming over recommendations Consuming harmful amounts of alcohol Percentage* OR (99% CI)† Percentage* OR (99% CI)† GHS (referent) 10,868‡ 25.9%‡ 1.00 6.0%‡ 1.00 All survivors 7,972 23.8% 0.65 (0.58-0.73) 3.9% 0.40 (0.32-0.49) Brain irradiated 2,149§ 20.4% 0.52 (0.43-0.62) 2.6% 0.24 (0.16-0.36) Brain not irradiated 3,734§ 24.6% 0.78 (0.69-0.89) 3.8% 0.47 (0.36-0.61) CNS neoplasm 1,457 19.1% 0.50 (0.41-0.62) 3.0% 0.33 (0.21-0.51) Brain irradiated 628§ 15.0% 0.38 (0.27-0.53) 1.9% 0.21 (0.09-0.48) Brain not irradiated 535§ 23.9% 0.75 (0.56-1.02) 3.0% 0.37 (0.19-0.74) Leukemia 2,135 22.3% 0.54 (0.45-0.64) 3.5% 0.30 (0.21-0.43) Brain irradiated 1,487§ 22.9% 0.58 (0.48-0.71) 2.9% 0.26 (0.16-0.41) Brain not irradiated 136§ 19.9% 0.55 (0.29-1.04) 3.7% 0.30 (0.06-1.42) Hodgkin's lymphoma 629 33.2% 1.10 (0.86-1.40) 4.3% 0.44 (0.25-0.79) Non–Hodgkin's lymphoma 452 29.0% 0.81 (0.60-1.10) 5.5% 0.52 (0.28-0.94) Neuroblastoma 319 23.5% 0.59 (0.40-0.87) 3.8% 0.38 (0.17-0.86) Wilms' tumor 784 27.7% 0.83 (0.66-1.05) 4.3% 0.47 (0.29-0.77) Bone sarcomas 341 21.7% 0.62 (0.43-0.91) 4.7% 0.61 (0.30-1.24) Soft tissue sarcomas 592 27.7% 0.78 (0.60-1.03) 6.8% 0.74 (0.46-1.19) Retinoblastoma 564 21.3% 0.64 (0.48-0.86) 3.2% 0.39 (0.20-0.76) Other neoplasms 699 22.2% 0.64 (0.49-0.84) 3.3% 0.36 (0.19-0.66) ↵*The totals and percentages were calculated for survivors aged ≤69 years.
↵†From a GEE multivariable logistic regression model controlling for age at questionnaire completion (≤69 years), gender, legal marital status, SEC, educational attainment, and region, and took into account the GHS weighting factor, for the likelihood of consuming over the recommendations for weekly alcohol units or consuming harmful weekly amounts of alcohol.
↵‡These are the unweighted values from the GHS. Using the GHS weighting factor, the weighted percentage of those consuming over recommended levels and consuming harmful weekly amounts of alcohol from the GHS were 26.6% and 6.3%, respectively.
↵§These do not sum the total number of survivors used because the category brain not irradiated does not include the survivors for whom we have no record of their radiotherapy; this was for all survivors (n = 2,089), for CNS neoplasm survivors (n = 294), and for leukemia survivors (n = 512).
Volume 19, Issue 5
