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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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European Ancestry Is Positively Associated with Breast Cancer Risk in Mexican Women

Laura Fejerman, Isabelle Romieu, Esther M. John, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Scott Huntsman, Kenneth B. Beckman, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Esteban González Burchard, Elad Ziv and Gabriela Torres-Mejía
Laura Fejerman
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Isabelle Romieu
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Esther M. John
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Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
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Scott Huntsman
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Kenneth B. Beckman
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Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
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Esteban González Burchard
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Elad Ziv
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Gabriela Torres-Mejía
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1193 Published April 2010
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Tables

  • Table 1.

    Characteristics of Mexican women by case-control status, 2004 to 2007

    Cases (n = 846)Controls (n = 1035)P*
    Age (y)†52.0 (10)51.1 (9)0.02
    BMI† premenopausal women28.2 (5)30.1 (5)<0.01
    BMI† postmenopausal women30.2 (6)30.8 (5)0.06
    Age at menarche (y)†12.8 (2)12.8 (2)0.21
    No. of full-term pregnancies†3.0 (2)3.7 (2)<0.01
    Ever breast-fed (%)‡86.089.50.03
    Family history of breast cancer (%)6.63.80.004
    Benign breast disease (%)14.77.51<0.01
    Postmenopausal HRT use (%)§21.914.5<0.01
    Postmenopausal (%)57.655.50.37
    Alcohol consumption (ever in past year/never; %)19.310.9<0.01
    Socioeconomic status (%)<0.01
        Low25.932.6
        Middle24.434.0
        High49.733.4
    Education (%)<0.01
        None6.68.5
        Some elementary school19.526.3
        Completed elementary school30.429.6
        High school graduate25.825.5
        College graduate8.65.9
        Postgraduate studies9.04.2
    Caloric intake (kcal/d)†2,225.4 (789)1,935.4 (673)<0.01
    Percent European ancestry†35.9 (19)31.8 (18)<0.01
    Percent indigenous American ancestry†59.5 (20)64.1 (20)<0.01
    Percent African ancestry†4.5 (6)4.1 (5)0.11

    Abbreviation: HRT, hormone replacement therapy.

    • ↵*P values are for bivariate Fisher's exact tests in 2 × 2 tables (for categorical variables) and for t tests comparing mean values between cases and controls (for continuous variables).

    • ↵†Mean (SD).

    • ↵‡Women who had at least one full-term pregnancy.

    • ↵§Proportion of menopausal women that use hormone replacement therapy.

  • Table 2.

    Characteristics of Mexican controls by European genetic ancestry, 2004 to 2007

    European genetic ancestryP*
    <2526-5051-7576-100
    Age (y)†51.9 (9)51.3 (9)50.9 (9)51.3 (10)0.954
    BMI premenopausal women†29.7 (5)30.3 (5)30.7 (6)30.8 (5)0.592
    BMI postmenopausal women†30.4 (5)31.3 (5)30.2 (5)34.7 (8)0.070
    Age at menarche (y)†12.9 (2)12.8 (2)12.9 (2)13.2 (2)0.332
    No. of full-term pregnancies†3.6 (2)3.9 (3)3.4 (2)4.1 (3)0.073
    Ever breast-fed (%)‡90.789.785.0100.00.278
    Family history of breast cancer (%)2.43.57.410.00.034
    Benign breast disease (%)6.88.07.410.00.768
    Postmenopausal HRT use (%)§14.712.721.116.70.266
    Postmenopausal (%)54.756.553.360.00.891
    Alcohol consumption (ever in past year/never; %)11.710.112.211.10.761
    Socioeconomic status (%)<0.001
        Low42.328.025.00.0
        Middle31.536.929.733.3
        High26.234.945.366.7
    Education (%)<0.001
        None11.87.34.40.0
        Some elementary school32.424.617.80.0
        Completed elementary school24.929.640.750.0
        High school graduate23.327.822.230.0
        College graduate5.15.88.90.0
        Postgraduate studies2.44.85.920.0
    Caloric intake (kcal/d)†1819.4 (584)1955.9 (682)2132.1 (761)2413.4 (1070)<0.001
    • ↵*P values are for bivariate Fisher's exact tests in 2 × 2 tables (for categorical variables) and for ANOVA tests (for continuous variables).

    • ↵†Mean (SD).

    • ↵‡Women who had at least one full-term pregnancy.

    • ↵§Proportion of menopausal women that use hormone replacement therapy.

  • Table 3.

    Characteristics of Mexican controls by socioeconomic status, 2004 to 2007

    Socioeconomic statusP*
    LowMediumHigh
    European ancestry (%)<0.001
        0-2547.433.828.7
        26-5042.754.051.9
        51-759.911.317.5
        76-1000.00.91.8
    Age (y)†51.1 (10)51.5 (9)50.5 (8)0.391
    BMI† premenopausal women30.5 (6)30.4 (5)29.3 (5)0.111
    BMI† postmenopausal women30.6 (5)31.0 (5)30.5 (5)0.616
    Age at menarche (y)†12.9 (2)12.9 (2)12.7 (2)0.040
    No. of full-term pregnancies†3.5 (2)3.2 (2)2.6 (2)<0.001
    Ever breast-fed (%)‡88.593.285.30.005
    Family history of breast cancer (%)2.24.74.50.142
    Benign breast disease (%)4.47.810.10.020
    Postmenopausal HRT use (%)§9.915.315.40.222
    Postmenopausal (%)53.660.251.10.047
    Alcohol consumption (ever in past year/never; %)7.59.813.80.03
    Education (%)<0.001
        None12.110.73.6
        Some elementary school36.228.813.9
        Completed elementary school28.830.928.4
        High school graduate20.723.732.3
        College graduate2.23.911.2
        Postgraduate studies0.02.110.6
    Caloric intake (kcal/d)†1773.9 (558)1909.6 (630)2034.0 (711)<0.001
    • ↵*P values are for bivariate Fisher's exact tests in 2 × 2 tables (for categorical variables) and for ANOVA tests (for continuous variables).

    • ↵†Mean (SD).

    • ↵‡Women who had at least one full-term pregnancy.

    • ↵§Proportion of menopausal women that use hormone replacement therapy.

  • Table 4.

    Association between genetic ancestry and breast cancer risk in women residing in Mexico, 2004 to 2007

    Odds ratio95% CIP
    Unadjusted model (n = 1,881; 846 cases and 1,035 controls)
        European ancestry (%)*<0.001 Trend
            26-501.160.94-1.430.171
            51-751.801.35-2.39<0.001
            76-1003.221.46-7.110.004
            Continuous†1.371.21-1.55<0.001
            Continuous† Mexico city (n = 1,128)1.451.24-1.69<0.001
            Continuous† Monterrey (n = 452)1.270.96-1.700.096
            Continuous† Veracruz (n = 301)1.160.82-1.620.395
    Unadjusted model for individuals with no missing data (n = 1540; 685 cases and 855 controls)
        European ancestry (%)*<0.001 Trend
            26-501.100.87-1.400.409
            51-751.791.35-2.39<0.001
            76-1003.341.39-8.030.007
            Continuous†1.361.19-1.57<0.001
    Adjusted by socioeconomic status (n = 1,787; 796 cases and 991 controls)
        European ancestry (%)*<0.001 Trend
            26-501.130.91-1.410.275
            51-751.761.31-2.36<0.001
            76-1002.891.25-6.670.013
            Continuous†1.341.17-1.53<0.001
        Socioeconomic status1.291.13-1.46<0.001
    Adjusted by socioeconomic status and education (n = 1,786; 795 cases and 991 controls)
        European ancestry (%)*<0.001 Trend
            26-501.090.87-1.360.438
            51-751.671.24-2.260.001
            76-1002.681.16-6.200.021
            Continuous†1.301.13-1.48<0.001
        Socioeconomic status1.181.05-1.370.008
        Education1.161.07-1.26<0.001
    Fully adjusted model (n = 1,540; 685 cases and 855 controls)
        European ancestry (%)*0.044 Trend
            26-501.010.78-1.300.962
            51-751.350.96-1.910.087
            76-1002.440.94-6.350.067
            Continuous†1.201.03-1.410.019
        Age at diagnosis (y)1.041.02-1.07<0.001
        BMI (kg/m2)0.950.93-0.97<0.001
        No. of full-term pregnancies (0 to ≥7)0.850.78-0.92<0.001
        Breast-feeding (ever/never)0.960.65-1.420.853
        Benign breast disease2.111.45-3.08<0.001
        Family history of breast cancer1.701.03-2.790.036
        Moderate physical activity (h/wk)0.970.97-0.98<0.001
        Education1.050.93-1.180.438
        Socioeconomic status1.010.86-1.180.919
        Alcohol consumption (ever in past year)1.781.29-2.450.001
        Daily caloric intake (per 500 kcal unit)1.401.28-1.52<0.001
        HRT/menopause‡
            Premenopausal/HRT1.020.41-2.530.964
            Postmenopausal/no HRT0.800.54-1.200.281
            Premenopausal/no HRT0.930.58-1.470.740
        Age at first full-term pregnancy (y)§
            21-300.980.76-1.280.908
            ≥311.560.91-2.660.103
            No full-term pregnancy1.000.53-1.910.991
        Age at menarche (y)0.930.87-1.000.043
    • ↵*European ancestry between 0% and 25% is the reference.

    • ↵†Odds ratio is for every 25% increase in European ancestry.

    • ↵‡Postmenopausal and hormone replacement therapy is the reference.

    • ↵§First full-term pregnancy before the age of 20 years is the reference.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 19 (4)
April 2010
Volume 19, Issue 4
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European Ancestry Is Positively Associated with Breast Cancer Risk in Mexican Women
Laura Fejerman, Isabelle Romieu, Esther M. John, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Scott Huntsman, Kenneth B. Beckman, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Esteban González Burchard, Elad Ziv and Gabriela Torres-Mejía
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev April 1 2010 (19) (4) 1074-1082; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1193

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European Ancestry Is Positively Associated with Breast Cancer Risk in Mexican Women
Laura Fejerman, Isabelle Romieu, Esther M. John, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Scott Huntsman, Kenneth B. Beckman, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Esteban González Burchard, Elad Ziv and Gabriela Torres-Mejía
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev April 1 2010 (19) (4) 1074-1082; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1193
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