Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Food contributors to acrylamide intake, 1998.
Tables
- Table 1.
Age standardized characteristics of the study population in 1990
Quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake Q1 (low) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (high) Age in 1990 58 58 57 56 55 Acrylamide intake (μg/d) 9 13 16 19 26 Acrylamide by body weight (μg/kg/d) 0.13 0.20 0.24 0.30 0.42 BMI 26 26 26 26 26 Height (in) 64 65 65 65 64 Current smokers (%) 13% 13% 15% 19% 26% Physical activity (met-h/wk) 17 16 16 15 13 Diabetes (%) 3.6% 3.0% 2.8% 2.8% 2.4% Hypertension (%) 19% 19% 18% 16% 16% Age at menarche < 13 (%) 50% 48% 50% 49% 48% Nulliparous (%) 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% Ever lactated (%) 55% 58% 58% 56% 51% Premenopausal (%) 21% 23% 23% 23% 23% Age at menopause (among postmenopausal) 47 47 47 47 47 Current PMH use (% among postmenopausal) 32% 34% 35% 34% 30% Tubal ligation (%) 16% 17% 17% 18% 18% Hysterectomy (simple) (%) 31% 31% 31% 31% 32% Double oophorectomy (%) 16% 16% 15% 16% 16% Family history of breast cancer (%) 9% 10% 10% 11% 10% Family history ovarian cancer (%, 1992) 2.3% 2.8% 2.5% 2.7% 2.6% History of benign breast disease (%) 39% 41% 41% 41% 39% Nutrient Intakes (per day)* Energy intake (kcal) 1,711 1,776 1,777 1,753 1,674 Alcohol (g) 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.6 Total fat (g) 56 56 57 58 60 Animal fat (g) 34 32 32 32 33 Trans fat (g) 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.3 Carbohydrates (g) 195 197 197 196 192 Glycemic index 52 52 53 53 53 Folate (μg) 447 431 422 410 389 Caffeine (mg) 155 214 261 321 421 Intakes of high acrylamide foods (servings per day) Coffee 1.0 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.4 Breakfast cereal 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 French fries 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.11 Potato chips 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Potatoes (baked, roasted, mashed) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Baked goods† 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 NOTE: Data (except for age) were directly standardized to the age distribution of the entire cohort. Means or percentages are shown as indicated. Characteristics of the population for breast cancer analysis is shown. Women were censored at the time of double oophorectomy for the ovarian cancer analysis, and women were censored at the time of hysterectomy for the endometrial cancer analysis.
- Table 2.
Relative risk (and 95% confidence interval) of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers by quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake, 1980 to 2006
Quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake P for trend Q1 (low) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (high) Median intake (μg/d) 8.7 12.7 15.7 19.0 25.1 Breast cancer No. of cases 1,282 1,280 1,331 1,287 1,121 Person-years 405,391 404,518 404,349 404,769 405,644 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 0.94 (0.87-1.02) 0.99 (0.92-1.07) 0.99 (0.91-1.07) 0.94 (0.87-1.02) 0.36 MV RR† 1.00 0.93 (0.86-1.01) 0.98 (0.91-1.06) 0.98 (0.90-1.06) 0.95 (0.87-1.03) 0.50 Never smokers only No. of cases 652 610 582 516 392 Person-years 210,666 198,085 187,783 171,665 151,532 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 0.94 (0.84-1.05) 0.96 (0.86-1.08) 0.96 (0.85-1.08) 0.90 (0.80-1.03) 0.21 MV RR† 1.00 0.91 (0.81-1.02) 0.93 (0.83-1.05) 0.94 (0.84-1.06) 0.89 (0.78-1.02) 0.18 Endometrial cancer No. of cases 88 100 106 102 88 Person-years 277,776 277,073 276,839 277,409 277,789 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 1.07 (0.80-1.43) 1.17 (0.88-1.56) 1.15 (0.86-1.54) 1.12 (0.83-1.52) 0.41 MV RR‡ 1.00 1.12 (0.83-1.50) 1.31 (0.97-1.77) 1.35 (0.99-1.84) 1.41 (1.01-1.97) 0.03 Never smokers only No. of cases 53 47 59 56 42 Person-years 144,400 135,320 128,534 116,601 102,813 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 0.93 (0.63-1.39) 1.30 (0.89-1.90) 1.37 (0.93-2.01) 1.31 (0.86-2.00) 0.06 MV RR‡ 1.00 0.97 (0.64-1.46) 1.35 (0.90-2.02) 1.47 (0.97-2.24) 1.43 (0.90-2.28) 0.04 Ovarian cancer No. of cases 87 75 95 81 78 Person-years 246,187 245,523 245,327 245,667 246,155 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 0.85 (0.62-1.16) 1.10 (0.81-1.47) 0.95 (0.70-1.29) 1.00 (0.73-1.37) 0.78 MV RR§ 1.00 0.93 (0.68-1.29) 1.29 (0.94-1.76) 1.17 (0.84-1.64) 1.25 (0.88-1.77) 0.12 Never smokers only No. of cases 40 38 31 24 23 Person-years 126,888 118,416 112,475 101,849 91,082 Age-adjusted RR* 1.00 1.03 (0.65-1.63) 0.92 (0.57-1.48) 0.82 (0.49-1.37) 0.92 (0.54-1.55) 0.53 MV RR§ 1.00 1.17 (0.72-1.88) 1.04 (0.63-1.74) 1.11 (0.63-1.94) 1.19 (0.66-2.15) 0.63 Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; MV, multivariable.
↵*Age-adjusted models are adjusted for age in months and calendar year.
↵†Breast cancer multivariable models additionally adjusted for smoking (never, past <25 cigarettes per day, past ≥25 cigarettes per day, current <25 cigarettes per day, current ≥25 cigarettes per day), BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25 to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), height (quartiles), menopausal status/age at menopause/PMH use (premenopausal; uncertain status; postmenopausal and age at menopause <45, 45-52, or >52 y; and PMH use never, former, current <5 y, or current ≥5 y), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity 1-2 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 y), family history of breast cancer (yes/no), benign breast disease (yes/no), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), folate, glycemic index, and animal fat intake (quintiles), alcohol (continuous; grams per day), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
↵‡Endometrial cancer multivariable models additionally adjusted for smoking (see categories for breast cancer), BMI (<20, 20 to <21, 21 to <22, 22 to <23, 23 to <24, 24 to <25, 25 to <27, 27 to <29, 29 to <30, 30 to <32, 32 to <35, 35 to <40, ≥40 kg/m2), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), menopausal status/age at menopause/PMH use (see categories for breast cancer), parity (nulliparous, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), oral contraceptive use (never, 0-3, >3 to <5, ≥5 y of use), high blood pressure (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
↵§Ovarian cancer multivariable models additionally adjusted for smoking (see categories for breast cancer), BMI (see categories for breast cancer), parity (see categories for endometrial cancer), oral contraceptive use (see categories for endometrial cancer), menopausal status and PMH use (premenopausal, uncertain status, postmenopausal and never used PMH, postmenopausal and former PMH, postmenopausal and current PMH use), tubal ligation (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
- Table 3.
Relative risk (and 95% confidence interval) of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers by quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake according to menopausal status and BMI, 1980 to 2006
Quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake P for trend P for interaction Q1 (low) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (high) By menopausal status Breast cancer Postmenopausal (n) 1,051 1,079 1,115 1,012 822 MV RR* 1.00 0.92 (0.84-1.00) 0.97 (0.89-1.06) 0.93 (0.85-1.01) 0.93 (0.84-1.02) 0.22 Premenopausal (n) 165 141 148 201 227 0.27 MV RR* 1.00 0.96 (0.76-1.21) 0.96 (0.76-1.21) 1.17 (0.94-1.46) 1.07 (0.87-1.33) 0.23 Endometrial cancer Postmenopausal (n) 74 87 96 88 65 MV RR† 1.00 1.11 (0.80-1.53) 1.36 (0.98-1.88) 1.38 (0.98-1.94) 1.29 (0.89-1.89) 0.11 Premenopausal (n) 12 12 9 11 21 0.15 MV RR† 1.00 1.09 (0.46-2.62) 1.00 (0.39-2.58) 0.85 (0.32-2.26) 2.27 (0.96-5.40) 0.05 Ovarian cancer Postmenopausal (n) 68 56 71 61 52 MV RR‡ 1.00 0.90 (0.62-1.30) 1.30 (0.91-1.87) 1.19 (0.81-1.76) 1.16 (0.76-1.78) 0.28 Premenopausal (n) 14 16 16 19 25 0.30 MV RR‡ 1.00 1.10 (0.51-2.41) 1.48 (0.69-3.17) 1.32 (0.61-2.86) 1.63 (0.76-3.46) 0.19 By BMI Breast cancer BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n) 636 629 614 593 541 MV RR* 1.00 0.96 (0.85-1.07) 0.96 (0.85-1.07) 0.95 (0.84-1.06) 0.92 (0.81-1.03) 0.17 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n) 646 651 717 694 580 0.60 MV RR* 1.00 0.92 (0.82-1.02) 1.01 (0.90-1.13) 1.01 (0.90-1.13) 0.97 (0.86-1.09) 0.87 Endometrial cancer BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n) 20 32 38 40 31 MV RR† 1.00 1.70 (0.94-3.09) 2.08 (1.15-3.77) 2.41 (1.32-4.38) 2.51 (1.32-4.77) 0.004 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n) 68 67 68 62 57 0.20 MV RR† 1.00 0.92 (0.64-1.32) 1.07 (0.74-1.54) 0.99 (0.67-1.46) 1.08 (0.72-1.64) 0.62 Ovarian cancer BMI < 25 kg/m2 (n) 44 47 48 38 52 MV RR‡ 1.00 1.27 (0.82-1.97) 1.56 (1.00-2.43) 1.47 (0.92-2.36) 1.84 (1.14-2.97) 0.01 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (n) 44 29 42 43 29 0.45 MV RR‡ 1.00 0.66 (0.40-1.08) 1.01 (0.64-1.61) 0.95 (0.58-1.54) 0.84 (0.49-1.44) 0.86 ↵*Breast cancer multivariable models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (never, past <25 cigarettes per day, past ≥25 cigarettes per day, current <25 cigarettes per day, current ≥25 cigarettes per day), BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25 to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), height (quartiles), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity 1-2 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 y), family history of breast cancer (yes/no), benign breast disease (yes/no), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), folate, glycemic index, and animal fat intake (quintiles), alcohol (continuous; grams per day), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day). Postmenopausal model adjusted for joint age at menopause and PMH use variable (age at menopause <45, 45-52, or >52 y, and PMH use never, former, current <5 y, or current ≥5 y). BMI models adjusted for joint menopausal status, age at menopause, and PMH use variable (premenopausal; uncertain status; postmenopausal and age at menopause <45, 45-52, or >52 y; and PMH use never, former, current <5 y, or current ≥5 y).
↵†Endometrial cancer multivariable models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (see categories for breast cancer), BMI (<20, 20 to <21, 21 to <22, 22 to <23, 23 to <24, 24 to <25, 25 to <27, 27 to <29, 29 to <30, 30 to <32, 32 to <35, 35 to <40, ≥40 kg/m2), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), parity (nulliparous, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), oral contraceptive use (never, 0-3, >3 to <5, ≥5 y of use), high blood pressure (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day). Postmenopausal model adjusted for joint age at menopause and PMH use variable (see categories for breast cancer). BMI models adjusted for joint menopausal status, age at menopause, and PMH use variable (see categories for breast cancer).
↵‡Ovarian cancer multivariable models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (see categories for breast cancer), BMI (see categories for breast cancer), parity (see categories for endometrial cancer), oral contraceptive use (see categories for endometrial cancer), tubal ligation (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day). Postmenopausal model adjusted for PMH use (never, former, or current). BMI models adjusted for joint menopausal status and PMH use variable (premenopausal, uncertain status, postmenopausal and never PMH use, postmenopausal and former PMH use, and postmenopausal and current PMH use).
- Table 4.
Relative risk (and 95% confidence interval) of breast cancer and ovarian cancer subtypes by quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake
Quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake P for trend Q1 (low) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (high) Breast cancer ER+/PR+ (n) 520 594 606 580 505 MV RR* 1.00 0.98 (0.87-1.10) 0.99 (0.88-1.12) 0.99 (0.87-1.11) 0.99 (0.87-1.13) 0.99 ER+/PR− (n) 136 161 173 148 119 MV RR* 1.00 1.09 (0.87-1.38) 1.20 (0.95-1.51) 1.08 (0.85-1.37) 1.04 (0.80-1.34) 0.88 ER−/PR+ (n) 28 23 20 35 32 MV RR* 1.00 0.78 (0.45-1.37) 0.66 (0.37-1.20) 1.18 (0.70-1.98) 1.09 (0.63-1.87) 0.35 ER−/PR− (n) 178 159 175 174 153 MV RR* 1.00 0.86 (0.69-1.07) 0.94 (0.76-1.17) 0.95 (0.77-1.19) 0.88 (0.70-1.11) 0.52 Ovarian cancer Invasive (n) 72 66 88 71 66 MV RR† 1.00 0.98 (0.69-1.38) 1.45 (1.03-2.03) 1.28 (0.89-1.83) 1.31 (0.89-1.92) 0.09 Borderline (n) 14 9 7 9 12 MV RR† 1.00 0.74 (0.31-1.77) 0.57 (0.22-1.51) 0.74 (0.29-1.87) 0.99 (0.40-2.46) 0.92 Serous (n) 40 46 54 52 53 MV RR† 1.00 1.11 (0.71-1.73) 1.43 (0.92-2.22) 1.39 (0.88-2.20) 1.58 (0.99-2.52) 0.04 Serous Invasive (n) 33 39 48 44 43 MV RR† 1.00 1.14 (0.70-1.86) 1.59 (0.99-2.57) 1.52 (0.92-2.51) 1.67 (0.99-2.81) 0.04 Abbreviation: cum. avg., cumulative average.
↵*Breast cancer models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (never, past <25 cigarettes per day, past ≥25 cigarettes per day, current <25 cigarettes per day, current ≥25 cigarettes per day), BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25 to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), height (quartiles), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity 1-2 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 1-2 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth <25 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth 25 to <30 y, parity 3-4 and age at first birth ≥30 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 y, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 y), family history of breast cancer (yes/no), benign breast disease (yes/no), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), folate, glycemic index, and animal fat intake (quintiles), alcohol (continuous; grams per day), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day). Postmenopausal model adjusted for joint age at menopause and PMH use variable (age at menopause <45, 45-52, or >52 y AND PMH use never, former, current <5 y, or current ≥5 y).
↵†Ovarian cancer models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (see categories for breast cancer), BMI (see categories for breast cancer), parity (nulliparous, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), oral contraceptive use (never, 0-3, >3 to <5, ≥5 y of use), menopausal status and PMH use (premenopausal, uncertain status, postmenopausal and never used PMH, postmenopausal and former PMH, postmenopausal and current PMH use), tubal ligation (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
- Table 5.
Relative risk (and 95% confidence interval) of endometrial and ovarian cancers by quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake additionally adjusting for high-acrylamide foods, 1980 to 2006
Quintile of calorie-adjusted acrylamide intake P for trend Q1 (low) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (high) Endometrial cancer No. of cases 88 100 106 102 88 Person-years 277,776 277,073 276,839 277,409 277,789 MV RR* 1.00 1.12 (0.83-1.50) 1.31 (0.97-1.77) 1.35 (0.99-1.84) 1.41 (1.01-1.97) 0.03 MV RR + coffee† 1.00 1.08 (0.80-1.46) 1.26 (0.93-1.72) 1.31 (0.95.80) 1.37 (0.97-1.94) 0.05 MV RR + cereal† 1.00 1.09 (0.81-1.47) 1.27 (0.94-1.72) 1.31 (0.95-1.79) 1.37 (0.98-1.93) 0.05 MV RR + French fries† 1.00 1.16 (0.85-1.58) 1.41 (1.02-1.95) 1.51 (1.06-2.16) 1.69 (1.11-2.57) 0.01 MV RR + potato chips† 1.00 1.11 (0.82-1.49) 1.29 (0.94-1.75) 1.32 (0.95-1.83) 1.37 (0.95-1.97) 0.06 Ovarian cancer No. of cases 87 75 95 81 78 Person-years 246,187 245,523 245,327 245,667 246,155 MV RR‡ 1.00 0.93 (0.68-1.29) 1.29 (0.94-1.76) 1.17 (0.84-1.64) 1.25 (0.88-1.77) 0.12 MV RR + coffee† 1.00 0.93 (0.67-1.29) 1.29 (0.94-1.78) 1.18 (0.83-1.65) 1.24 (0.87-1.78) 0.15 MV RR + cereal† 1.00 0.92 (0.67-1.27) 1.26 (0.92-1.73) 1.15 (0.82-1.62) 1.23 (0.86-1.76) 0.15 MV RR + French fries† 1.00 0.90 (0.64-1.25) 1.24 (0.88-1.74) 1.15 (0.78-1.68) 1.29 (0.83-1.99) 0.14 MV RR + potato chips† 1.00 0.90 (0.65-1.24) 1.18 (0.85-1.63) 1.02 (0.72-1.46) 1.01 (0.69-1.49) 0.82 ↵*Endometrial cancer multivariable models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (never, past <25 cigarettes per day, past ≥25 cigarettes per day, current <25 cigarettes per day, current ≥25 cigarettes per day), BMI (<20, 20 to <21, 21 to <22, 22 to <23, 23 to <24, 24 to <25, 25 to <27, 27 to <29, 29 to <30, 30 to <32, 32 to <35, 35 to <40, ≥40 kg/m2), age at menarche (<13, 13, ≥14 y), menopausal status/age at menopause/PMH use (premenopausal; uncertain status; postmenopausal and age at menopause <45, 45-52, or >52 y; and PMH use never, former, current <5 y, or current ≥5 y), parity (nulliparous, 1-2, 3-4, ≥5), oral contraceptive use (never, 0-3, >3 to <5, ≥5 y of use), high blood pressure (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
↵†Adjusted as in multivariable model and additionally adjusted for intake of given food in quintiles (for acrylamide quintile analysis) or as a continuous variable using the median intake for each quintile (for acrylamide P for trend analysis).
↵‡Ovarian cancer multivariable models adjusted for age in months, calendar year, smoking (see categories for endometrial cancer), BMI (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25 to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), parity (see categories for endometrial cancer), oral contraceptive use (see categories for endometrial cancer), menopausal status and PMH use (premenopausal, uncertain status, postmenopausal and never used PMH, postmenopausal and former PMH, postmenopausal and current PMH use), tubal ligation (yes/no), physical activity (≤18 or >18 MET-h/wk), caffeine intake (quintiles), and energy intake (continuous; kilocalories per day).
Volume 19, Issue 10
