Increase in Incidence of Colorectal Cancer Among Young Men and Women in the United States

Introduction

Overall incidence rates for colorectal cancer (CRC) in the United States have been generally declining since the mid-1980s (1, 2). In the most recent time period, the rate of decline has accelerated; since 1998, CRC incidence rates have decreased 2.8% per year in men and 2.2% per year in women (1). These rapid decreases have been largely attributed to an increase in CRC screening, particularly colonoscopy, among individuals ages 50 years and older (3, 4). Screening for CRC can reduce incidence by preventing cancer occurrence through the detection and removal of precancerous polyps (5, 6). Recent incidence trends among adults younger than 50 years, for whom CRC screening is not recommended for those at average risk, have not been analyzed, though a previous study limited to ages 20 to 39 years found an increase in incidence from 1973 to 1999 for all races combined (7). We report on trends in CRC incidence rates between 1992 and 2005 among young adults (ages 20 to 49 years) by sex, race/ethnicity, age, stage at diagnosis, and anatomic subsite.

Materials and Methods

We obtained invasive CRC cases diagnosed from 1992 through 2005 from the 13 oldest Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, which provide population-based incidence data for the 5 major racial/ethnic populations (8). The states, metropolitan areas, and other registries that comprise the SEER 13 database, which covers ∼14% of the U.S. population, are Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, rural Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Los Angeles, New Mexico, San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose-Monterey, Seattle-Puget Sound, Utah, and the Alaska Native Tumor Registry. We calculated annual, age-adjusted incidence rates (using the 2000 U.S. standard population) of CRC per 100,000 individuals ages 20 to 49 y by sex and race/ethnicity using SEER*Stat software version 6.4.4 (8, 9). We then examined the annual percent change (APC) in rates from 1992 to 2005 using the Joinpoint Regression Program, which fits a series of joined straight lines on a logarithmic scale to the trends in annual age-standardized rates (10). For illustrative purposes, we also plotted age-adjusted CRC incidence rates averaged over four time intervals (1992-1995, 1996-1998, 1999-2001, and 2002-2005) during the study period. Incidence rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives are not presented in this report due to sparse data.

The size of the incidence data set for non-Hispanic Whites was large enough to allow further analyses using the same analytic methods described above by 10-year age group (20-29, 30-39, and 40-49), stage at diagnosis, and anatomic subsite. Stage at diagnosis was coded according to SEER Summary Stage guidelines as local, regional, distant, and unstaged (8, 11). The anatomic site of each tumor was subdivided into three groupings according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-03): proximal colon (C18.0, C18.2-C18.5), distal colon (C18.6-C18.7), and rectum (C19.9, C20.9; ref. 12). For comparison purposes, we also analyzed the annual percent change in CRC incidence rates among non-Hispanic Whites ages 50 y and older by stage and anatomic subsite.

Results

Overall incidence rates of CRC per 100,000 young adults (ages 20-49 y) increased 1.5% per year in men and 1.6% per year in women from 1992 to 2005. Specifically, incidence rates increased significantly among young non-Hispanic Whites, by 2.0% per year in men and 2.2% per year in women, and among Hispanic men, by 2.7% per year (Table 1 ; Supplementary Figure).

Among non-Hispanic Whites, incidence rates increased within each 10-year age grouping (20-29, 30-39, and 40-49) and for each stage of diagnosis in both men and women, though the increase in women for regional stage disease was not statistically significant (Table 2 ; Fig. 1 ). Notably, the largest annual percent increase in CRC incidence was in the youngest age group (20-29 years), by 5.2% per year in men and 5.6% per year in women. Analysis by anatomic subsite showed significant increases in cancers of the distal colon and rectum in both men and women. On average, rectal cancer incidence rates increased 3.5% per year in men and 2.9% per year in women over the 13-year study interval. Although the incidence of rectal cancer seems to have leveled off in women since 1999 to 2001, rates in men continued to increase through 2002 to 2005 (Fig. 1). In marked contrast, among non-Hispanic White men and women ages 50 years and older, CRC incidence rates decreased by a minimum of 1.8% annually for every stage of diagnosis and a minimum of 2.7% annually for each anatomic subsite in the most recent time period (Supplementary Table).

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Figure 1.

CRC incidence trends among young non-Hispanic White adults (20-49 y) by age and anatomic subsite, 1992 to 2005.

Discussion

Our study found that in sharp contrast to the overall declining rates of CRC in the United States, incidence rates among adults younger than age 50 years are increasing due to an increase in left-sided tumors, particularly in the rectum. These findings are generally consistent with two previous studies that analyzed CRC trends using SEER databases (3, 7). O'Connell et al. (7) reported an increase in incidence rates in ages 20 to 39 years for both colon and rectal cancers during 1973 to 1999; however, this analysis was limited by the exclusion of 40 to 49 year-olds, who represent 73% of CRC patients under age 50 years, and the inability to examine trends by race/ethnicity and to include the most recent 6 years of data, during which the accelerated decline in overall CRC incidence rates occurred. Cress et al. (3) documented an increase in incidence rates in ages 0 to 49 years in rectal cancer, but not colon cancer, in all races combined during 1992 to 2001.

Obesity is a major risk factor for CRC in men and, to a lesser extent, for colon cancer in women (13). However, there is accumulating evidence that obesity confers a stronger risk of CRC in premenopausal, compared with postmenopausal, women (14-16). In the past three decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased markedly among individuals of all ages and racial/ethnic groups in the United States (17-19), which may have contributed to the overall increase in CRC incidence rates among young adults. However, CRC incidence rates among non-Hispanic Whites substantially increased for left-sided tumors (distal and rectal) but not for right-sided tumors (proximal). It is unknown whether the mechanism through which adiposity induces tumor development and the latency period from exposure to disease occurrence differs by anatomic subsite. In tandem with obesity trends, type 2 diabetes, also an established risk factor for CRC (20), has increased dramatically in the United States (21, 22), and may have likewise contributed to the observed increase in CRC incidence in young adults.

Consumption of red and processed meat has been shown to increase risk of cancers of the distal colon and rectum (23), whereas milk and calcium consumption have shown a protective effect against these subsites (24). Between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s, fast-food consumption in the United States increased 5-fold among children (ages 2 to 17 y) and 3-fold among adults (ages 18 years and older) (25). A diet high in fast food is associated with both greater meat consumption (26) and reduced milk consumption (27). The average energy intake from hamburgers/cheeseburgers increased 30% from 1977-78 to 1994-96 (28); concurrently, the proportion of energy intake from milk decreased 42% among both adolescents (12-18 years) and young adults (19-29 years) (29). It is plausible that the emergence of unfavorable dietary patterns in children and young adults over the past three decades may have contributed to the increase in CRC among young adults observed in our study.

Other behavioral factors associated with an increased risk of CRC are alcohol intake (30) and smoking (31, 32). It is unlikely that trends in alcohol use explain the recent increase in CRC among young adults because there has been a decline in alcohol consumption in the United States since 1981, both overall and among high school students (33-35). Despite transient increases in smoking prevalence within some birth cohorts since 1964, tobacco exposure is unlikely to have played a role in the recent increase in CRC incidence in young adults because of the requisite length (minimum 30 years) of the induction period (32, 36).

The outcome of CRC treatment depends strongly on stage at diagnosis. Clinical practice guidelines suggest that patients with inflammatory bowel disease, polyposis syndromes, a known genetic predisposition, or a personal or family history of adenomatous polyps or CRC begin screening before age 50 years. Early recognition of CRC in patients under age 50 without these risk factors requires clinical awareness and aggressive pursuit of symptoms. A study of initial presentation of young onset CRC patients without established risk factors found that 86% were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with the most common symptoms of rectal bleeding (51%), abdominal pain (32%), and change in bowel habits (18%). The most common factors leading to diagnosis in asymptomatic patients were anemia (14%) and positive fecal occult blood test (7%) (37). Our findings of a recent increase in CRC among those under age 50 years suggests the importance of timely evaluation of the distal colorectum, at a minimum, in young adults who present with symptoms consistent with possible underlying cancer.

The increasing incidence of CRC in young adults is in contrast with the rapidly declining incidence among older individuals. The disparate increase in left-sided CRC suggests that particular attention be given to studies to elucidate the behavioral and environmental risk factors responsible for this trend and potential prevention and early detection strategies.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.