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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Quit Ratios in Lifetime Smokers Ages 25 to 44 Years

Steven S. Fu, Molly M. Kodl, Anne M. Joseph, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Eric O. Johnson, Naomi Breslau, Baolin Wu and Laura Bierut
Steven S. Fu
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Molly M. Kodl
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Anne M. Joseph
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Dorothy K. Hatsukami
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Eric O. Johnson
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Naomi Breslau
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Baolin Wu
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Laura Bierut
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2726 Published July 2008
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Tables

  • Table 1.

    Demographic characteristics and smoking history for lifetime smokers ages 25 to 44 years by race/ethnicity (n = 9,216)

    CharacteristicCaucasian (n = 7,907)African American (n = 955)Latino (n = 246)Asian American (n = 108)P
    Age ± SD, y36.3 ± 5.337.1 ± 5.135.6 ± 5.435.0 ± 5.5<0.001
    Age of smoking initiation ± SD, y17.0 ± 3.519.6 ± 5.117.1 ± 3.818.9 ± 3.2<0.001
    Time of transition to regular smoking ± SD, y2.93 ± 3.263.39 ± 4.312.94 ± 3.302.57 ± 2.590.90
    Gender (%)
        Female58605821<0.001
        Male42404279
    Marital status (%)
        Married74487278<0.001
        Not married26522822
    Education (%), y
        <1241081<0.001
        1226333312
        13-1530402920
        ≥1640173067
    Employment status (%)
        Full-time74796989<0.001
        Part-time/homemaker/student2211247
        Out of work/disabled/retired41074
    Ever used other tobacco products (%)
        No39554538<0.001
        Yes61455562
    Time to first cigarette when smoking the most (%)
        >30 min after waking53486358<0.001
        ≤30 min after waking47523742
    Cigarettes per day when smoking the most (%)
        ≤1032545059<0.001
        11-2039343229
        21-30167107
        ≥3113596
  • Table 2.

    Univariate analysis of predictors of prior use of NRT in lifetime smokers (n = 9,216)

    VariablePercentage ever used NRTPOR (95% CI) for ever used NRTP
    Race/ethnicity
        Caucasian31<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        African American220.64 (0.55-0.75)<0.001
        Latino220.62 (0.46-0.84)<0.01
        Asian American220.65 (0.41-1.02)0.06
    Gender
        Female300.841.0 (Reference)
        Male290.99 (0.91-1.09)0.82
    Marital status
        Not married300.321.0 (Reference)
        Married290.95 (0.87-1.05)0.35
    Employment status
        Full-time30<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        Part-time/homemaker/student280.90 (0.81-1.01)0.08
        Out of work/disabled/retired381.47 (1.20-1.81)<0.001
    Ever used other tobacco products
        No280.0011.0 (Reference)
        Yes311.16 (1.06-1.27)<0.01
    Time to first cigarette when smoking the most
        >30 min after waking17<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        ≤30 min after waking433.65 (3.31-4.01)<0.001
    Cigarettes per day when smoking the most*NA2.10 (2.00-2.20)<0.001
    AgeNA1.02 (1.01-1.03)<0.001
    Age of smoking initiationNA0.94 (0.93-0.95)<0.001
    Time of transition to regular smokingNA0.97 (0.95-0.98)<0.001
    Education†NA0.86 (0.82-0.91)<0.001
    • NOTE: Percentages and OR are unadjusted.

    • ↵* Cigarettes per day treated as an ordinal variable.

    • ↵† Education treated as an ordinal variable.

  • Table 3.

    Logistic regression analysis predictors of use of NRT in lifetime smokers ages 25 to 44 years (n = 9,216)

    Model*OR (95% CI)P
    Use of NRT
    Race/ethnicity
        Caucasian1.0 (Reference)
        African American0.76 (0.63-0.91)<0.01
        Latino0.76 (0.54-1.06)0.11
        Asian American0.98 (0.60-1.60)0.95
    Gender
        Female1.0 (Reference)
        Male0.73 (0.65-0.82)<0.001
    Ever used other tobacco products
        No1.0 (Reference)
        Yes1.19 (1.07-1.35)<0.01
    Time to first cigarette when smoking the most
        >30 min after waking1.0 (Reference)
        ≤30 min after waking2.13 (1.91-2.38)<0.001
    Cigarettes per day when smoking the most†1.76 (1.66-1.86)<0.001
    Age1.00 (0.99-1.01)0.34
    Education‡1.07 (1.01-1.13)0.02
    • ↵* Logistic regression models controlled for site. All possible interactions for the variables selected for the multivariate model were tested but were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level. A forced-entry simultaneous model of the significant covariates with race/ethnicity showed similar results.

    • ↵† Cigarettes per day treated as an ordinal variable.

    • ↵‡ Education treated as an ordinal variable.

  • Table 4.

    Univariate analysis of predictors of quitting smoking (quit ratio) in lifetime smokers (n = 9,216)

    VariablePercentage quit smokingPOR (95% CI) for quit smokingP
    Race/ethnicity
        Caucasian52<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        African American350.49 (0.42-0.56)<0.001
        Latino490.87 (0.67-1.12)0.27
        Asian American541.06 (0.72-1.54)0.78
    Gender
        Female52<0.051.0 (Reference)
        Male490.91 (0.84-0.99)<0.05
    Marital status
        Not married36<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        Married572.37 (2.16-2.60)<0.001
    Employment status
        Full-time49<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        Part-time/homemaker/student591.46 (1.31-1.61)<0.001
        Out of work/disabled/retired310.47 (0.38-0.58)<0.001
    Ever used other tobacco products
        No510.831.0 (Reference)
        Yes500.99 (0.91-1.08)0.83
    Time to first cigarette when smoking the most
        >30 min after waking61<0.0011.0 (Reference)
        ≤30 min after waking390.42 (0.38-0.45)<0.001
    Cigarettes per day when smoking the most*NA0.70 (0.67-0.73)<0.001
    AgeNA1.02 (1.01-1.02)<0.001
    Age of smoking initiationNA0.99 (0.98-1.00)0.08
    Time of transition to regular smokingNA1.02 (1.00-1.03)0.02
    Education†NA1.56 (1.48-1.63)<0.001
    • NOTE: Percentages and OR are unadjusted.

    • ↵* Cigarettes per day treated as an ordinal variable.

    • ↵† Education treated as an ordinal variable.

  • Table 5.

    Logistic regression analysis predictors of quitting smoking (quit ratio) in lifetime smokers ages 25 to 44 years (n = 9,216)

    Model*OR (95% CI)P
    Quit smoking
    Race/ethnicity
        Caucasian1.0 (Reference)
        African American0.66 (0.56-0.78)<0.001
        Latino0.84 (0.63-1.12)0.24
        Asian American0.85 (0.55-1.30)0.45
    Gender
        Female1.0 (Reference)
        Male1.13 (1.03-1.25)0.01
    Marital status
        Not married1.0 (Reference)
        Married1.87 (1.69-2.08)<0.001
    Employment status
        Full-time1.0
        Part-time/homemaker/student1.31 (1.16-1.48)<0.001
        Out of work/disabled/retired0.67 (0.53-0.85)0.001
    Time to first cigarette when smoking the most
        >30 min after waking1.0 (Reference)
        ≤30 min after waking0.55 (0.50-0.61)<0.001
    Cigarettes per day when smoking the most†0.81 (0.76-0.86)<0.001
    Age1.06 (1.05-1.07)<0.001
    Age of smoking initiation0.96 (0.95-0.97)<0.001
    Education‡1.41 (1.34-1.49)<0.001
    • ↵* Logistic regression models controlled for site. All possible interactions for the variables selected for the multivariate model were tested but were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level. A forced-entry simultaneous model of the significant covariates with race/ethnicity showed similar results.

    • ↵† Cigarettes per day treated as an ordinal variable.

    • ↵‡ Education treated as an ordinal variable.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 17 (7)
July 2008
Volume 17, Issue 7
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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Quit Ratios in Lifetime Smokers Ages 25 to 44 Years
Steven S. Fu, Molly M. Kodl, Anne M. Joseph, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Eric O. Johnson, Naomi Breslau, Baolin Wu and Laura Bierut
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2008 (17) (7) 1640-1647; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2726

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Quit Ratios in Lifetime Smokers Ages 25 to 44 Years
Steven S. Fu, Molly M. Kodl, Anne M. Joseph, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Eric O. Johnson, Naomi Breslau, Baolin Wu and Laura Bierut
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2008 (17) (7) 1640-1647; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2726
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