Migraine in Postmenopausal Women and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer

Robert W. Mathes; Kathleen E. Malone; Janet R. Daling; Scott Davis; Sylvia M. Lucas; Peggy L. Porter; Christopher I. Li

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0527

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0527 Published November 2008

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Table 1.

Selected characteristics of controls, invasive ductal carcinoma cases, and invasive lobular carcinoma cases

	Controls (n = 1,474)	Ductal carcinoma (n = 1,199)	Lobular carcinoma (n = 739)
		n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Reference age (y)
55-59	137 (9.3)	140 (11.7)	162 (21.9)
60-64	121 (8.2)	125 (10.4)	139 (18.8)
65-69	442 (30.0)	341 (28.4)	189 (25.5)
70-74	478 (32.4)	380 (31.7)	195 (26.4)
75-79	296 (20.1)	213 (17.7)	54 (7.3)
Race
White (non-Hispanic)	1,346 (91.3)	1,116 (93.1)	688 (93.1)
Black	45 (3.1)	22 (1.8)	16 (2.2)
Asian/Pacific Islander	38 (2.6)	35 (2.9)	11 (1.5)
Other/unknown	45 (3.0)	26 (2.2)	24 (3.2)
Education
Less than high school	177 (12.0)	127 (10.6)	53 (7.2)
High school	520 (35.3)	403 (33.6)	221 (29.9)
Some college	467 (31.7)	407 (33.9)	238 (32.2)
College/college graduate	309 (21.0)	262 (21.9)	227 (30.7)
Missing	1	0	0
Parity
Nulliparous	130 (8.8)	126 (10.5)	99 (13.4)
Parous	1,344 (91.2)	1,073 (89.5)	640 (86.6)
Age at first birth (y)
14-19	273 (20.4)	201 (18.8)	124 (19.5)
20-24	650 (48.5)	519 (48.6)	306 (48.0)
25-29	305 (22.7)	244 (22.8)	136 (21.4)
30-42	113 (8.4)	105 (9.8)	71 (11.1)
Missing	133	130	102
Use of oral contraceptives (mo)
0	907 (63.4)	721 (63.0)	339 (49.2)
6-59	297 (20.8)	219 (19.1)	193 (28.0)
60-409	227 (15.9)	204 (17.8)	157 (22.8)
Missing	43	55	50
Recency of menopausal hormone therapy use
Never user	433 (32.4)	323 (29.9)	134 (19.3)
Former user of hormone therapy	246 (18.4)	185 (17.1)	96 (13.9)
Current EHT user	450 (33.6)	297 (27.5)	195 (28.1)
Current CHT user	209 (15.6)	276 (25.5)	268 (38.7)
Missing	136	118	46
First-degree family history of breast cancer
No	1,153 (83.4)	878 (77.3)	556 (77.3)
Yes	229 (16.6)	258 (22.7)	163 (22.7)
Missing	92	63	20
Body mass index, quartiles (kg/m²)
≤23.16	363 (25.4)	265 (22.6)	210 (29.0)
23.17-26.44	372 (26.1)	309 (26.4)	154 (21.3)
26.45-30.82	343 (24.0)	283 (24.1)	200 (27.6)
≥30.83	350 (24.5)	315 (26.9)	160 (22.1)
Missing	46	27	15

Abbreviations: EHT, estrogen hormone therapy; CHT, combined hormone therapy.

Table 2.

Relationship between a history of migraine and risks of invasive ductal and invasive lobular breast carcinomas

	Controls (n = 1,474)	Ductal carcinoma (n = 1,199)			Lobular carcinoma (n = 739)
		n (%)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)
Never diagnosed with migraine	1,202 (82)	1,037 (87)	1.00 (reference)	630 (85)	1.00 (reference)
Ever diagnosed with migraine	272 (19)	162 (14)	0.67 (0.54-0.82)^†	109 (15)	0.68 (0.52-0.90)^†
Age at migraine diagnosis (y)
<20	73 (5)	32 (3)	0.50 (0.33-0.76)^†	23 (3)	0.55 (0.33-0.91)^†
20-39	110 (8)	80 (7)	0.83 (0.62-1.13)	48 (7)	0.77 (0.53-1.12)
≥40	89 (6)	50 (4)	0.62 (0.43-0.89)^†	36 (5)	0.62 (0.41-0.95)^†
P value for difference across age categories			0.52		0.85
Ever use of prescription migraine medications
No	127 (9)	67 (6)	0.58 (0.43-0.79)^†	53 (7)	0.65 (0.46-0.93)^†
Yes	144 (10)	92 (8)	0.73 (0.56-0.97)^†	55 (8)	0.69 (0.49-0.97)^†
P value for difference across medication categories			0.25		0.98

↵* ORs adjusted for age and reference year.
↵† P < 0.05.

Table 3.

Relationship between a history of migraine and risks of invasive ductal and invasive lobular breast carcinomas by joint ER/PR status

Ductal carcinoma
	Controls (n = 1,474)	ER⁺/PR⁺ (n = 855)			ER⁺/PR⁻ (n = 133)			ER⁻/PR⁻ (n = 147)
		n (%)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)
Never diagnosed with migraine	1,202 (82)	739 (87)	1.00 (reference)	120 (90)	1.00 (reference)	121 (82)	1.00 (reference)
Ever diagnosed with migraine	272 (19)	114 (13)	0.65 (0.51-0.83)^†	13 (10)	0.49 (0.27-0.88)^†	26 (18)	0.87 (0.56-1.36)
Age at migraine diagnosis (y)
<20	73 (5)	26 (3)	0.56 (0.35-0.88)^†	2 (2)	0.28 (0.07-1.16)	3 (2.0)	0.37 (0.11-1.19)
20-39	110 (8)	57 (7)	0.82 (0.59-1.15)	6 (5)	0.56 (0.24-1.30)	15 (10)	1.24 (0.70-2.21)
≥40	89 (6)	31 (4)	0.53 (0.35-0.81)^†	5 (4)	0.57 (0.23-1.44)	8 (5)	0.82 (0.39-1.74)
P value for difference across age categories			0.80		0.43		0.37
Ever use of prescription migraine medications
No	127 (9)	47 (6)	0.56 (0.39-0.79)^†	6 (5)	0.48 (0.21-1.11)	11 (8)	0.79 (0.41-1.51)
Yes	144 (10)	65 (8)	0.72 (0.53-0.98)^†	6 (5)	0.43 (0.19-1.00)^†	15 (10)	0.95 (0.54-1.67)
P value for difference across medication categories			0.27		0.85		0.66

Lobular carcinoma
	Controls (n = 1,474)	ER⁺/PR⁺ (n = 560)			ER⁺/PR⁻ (n = 110)
		n (%)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)	n (%)	OR* (95% CI)
Never diagnosed with migraine	1,202 (82)	481 (86)	1.00 (reference)	92 (84)	1.00 (reference)
Ever diagnosed with migraine	272 (19)	78 (14)	0.63 (0.47-0.85)^†	18 (16)	0.80 (0.47-1.36)
Age at migraine diagnosis (y)
<20	73 (5)	19 (4)	0.59 (0.34-1.03)	3 (3)	0.50 (0.15-1.65)
20-39	110 (8)	34 (7)	0.73 (0.47-1.13)	6 (6)	0.70 (0.30-1.66)
≥40	89 (6)	23 (5)	0.50 (0.30-0.82)^†	9 (8)	1.10 (0.53-2.29)
P value for difference across age categories			0.60		0.20
Ever use of prescription migraine medications
No	127 (5)	35 (6)	0.57 (0.38-0.86)^†	10 (9)	0.91 (0.46-1.81)
Yes	144 (10)	42 (8)	0.68 (0.46-1.00)	8 (7)	0.70 (0.33-1.49)
P value for difference across medication categories			0.53		0.60