Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
NNK concentration in air polluted with sidestream cigarette smoke increases with time, whereas the concentrations of NNN and combined NAT/NAB do not. Ninety C20 cigarettes were smoked simultaneously. Time 0 is 1 min after all the cigarettes were extinguished. Each point represents a sample collected by pumping air through a solvent-impregnated cartridge at 2 L/min for 1 h (i.e., the point at hour 1 is from the same collected from t = 0 to t = 1 h). Reproduction of the graph from Philip Morris internal report (21) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
- Figure 2.
Adding nicotine to cigarette filler increases the initial concentration (concentration at time 0) of nicotine in the chamber air and the concentration of NNK formed in the air over time. Higher initial nicotine concentrations yielded faster rates of NNK formation and higher total NNK concentrations. The lowest initial nicotine concentration is from a cigarette made of low-nicotine reconstituted tobacco. The 25-μmol/L initial nicotine concentration is from a C50 test cigarette. The 75-, 99-, and 149-μmol/L initial nicotine concentrations were achieved by adding 10, 30, and 40 mg nicotine, respectively, to the C50 filler. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
- Figure 3.
NNK concentration in 5.5-hour-old sidestream smoke versus initial nicotine concentration (concentration at time 0). More NNK forms in sidestream smoke when pure vapor-phase nicotine is added to the chamber before cigarette combustion than when nicotine is released only via cigarette combustion. The number of cigarettes smoked was equal. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
- Figure 4.
Varying initial NO concentration, while holding initial nicotine concentration constant (at 50 μmol/m3), reveals a linear relationship between initial NO and NNK concentration in the first 1-h sample (time 0 to 1 h average). In the sample taken from hour 5 to 6, the effect of initial NO concentration seems to plateau. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
- Figure 5.
Addition of 0.05 μmol antioxidant vitamin to high-nicotine, burley cigarette filler reduced NNK formation between 5% and 40%. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
- Figure 6.
NNK can also form in sidestream smoke in a furnished office, despite the large increase in adsorptive losses in the more complex physical environment. Experiment 1 shows a larger increase in NNK concentration because sampling began immediately after the cigarettes were extinguished. In experiment 2, sampling began 21 min after the cigarettes were extinguished. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (23) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.
Tables
- Table 1.
NNK formation over 6 h
Year Cigarette brand or filler type NNK in first-hour sample (ng/m3) NNK in 6-h sample (ng/m3) 5.5 h/0.5 h NNK Average % increase in NNK/h 1986 (22) Parisienne Super 4.0 24.5 6.1 122 Marlboro Filter Box 2.5 14.1 5.6 111 Gauloises Jaunes Filter 2.7 17.5 6.4 127 Marocaine Super 2.3 15.6 6.7 134 Select Filter 4.2 26.8 6.3 127 Brunette Double Filter 4.4 10.1 2.3 46 Flint Ultra 0.84 8.6 10.2 205 Base Web 0.63 1.7 2.7 53 C50 2.7 18.1 6.6 132 Bright 3.2 17.3 5.5 109 Burley 7.4 27.8 3.8 75 Blended Oriental 0.63 3.5 5.7 113 Expanded Bright Stems 0.63 3.2 5 100 Blend 4.0 18.6 4.6 93 Nicotine extracted 0.63 2.5 3.3 80 1997 (19) C20 1.4 4.4 3.3 65 Marlboro 100s 2.3 7.1 3.1 62 Virginia Slims 2.3 6.7 2.8 57 C50 1.9 4.9 2.6 52 - Table 2.
NNK formation with 400 μmol/m3 NO and 55 μmol/m3 vapor-phase nicotine added to chamber at t0 (22)
Number of cigarettes smoked NO (μmol/m3) Nicotine (μmol/m3) NNK (nmol/m3) 0.5 h 4.5 h 0.0 h 3.5 h 0.5 h 4.5 h 0 351 186 54 24 4 5 5 310 178 55 28 24 79 10 294 190 52 26 53 120 20 305 149 51 25 55 145 30 392 215 51 22 25 155 - Table 3.
NNK formation with varying initial concentrations of NO (22)
Number of cigarettes smoked NO μmol/m3 Nicotine μmol/m3 NNK nmol/m3 0.5 h 3.5 h 0.0 h 3.5 h 0.5 h 3.5 h 30 124 50 47 27 17 84 30 475 207 48 23 49 157 30 814 306 51 27 82 184 30 1,186 401 51 28 117 188 30 1,087 397 54 31 170 216
Volume 16, Issue 8
