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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Concentrations of the Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Increase after Release into Indoor Air: Results from Unpublished Tobacco Industry Research

Suzaynn F. Schick and Stanton Glantz
Suzaynn F. Schick
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Stanton Glantz
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0210 Published August 2007
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    NNK concentration in air polluted with sidestream cigarette smoke increases with time, whereas the concentrations of NNN and combined NAT/NAB do not. Ninety C20 cigarettes were smoked simultaneously. Time 0 is 1 min after all the cigarettes were extinguished. Each point represents a sample collected by pumping air through a solvent-impregnated cartridge at 2 L/min for 1 h (i.e., the point at hour 1 is from the same collected from t = 0 to t = 1 h). Reproduction of the graph from Philip Morris internal report (21) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Adding nicotine to cigarette filler increases the initial concentration (concentration at time 0) of nicotine in the chamber air and the concentration of NNK formed in the air over time. Higher initial nicotine concentrations yielded faster rates of NNK formation and higher total NNK concentrations. The lowest initial nicotine concentration is from a cigarette made of low-nicotine reconstituted tobacco. The 25-μmol/L initial nicotine concentration is from a C50 test cigarette. The 75-, 99-, and 149-μmol/L initial nicotine concentrations were achieved by adding 10, 30, and 40 mg nicotine, respectively, to the C50 filler. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

  • Figure 3.
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    Figure 3.

    NNK concentration in 5.5-hour-old sidestream smoke versus initial nicotine concentration (concentration at time 0). More NNK forms in sidestream smoke when pure vapor-phase nicotine is added to the chamber before cigarette combustion than when nicotine is released only via cigarette combustion. The number of cigarettes smoked was equal. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

  • Figure 4.
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    Figure 4.

    Varying initial NO concentration, while holding initial nicotine concentration constant (at 50 μmol/m3), reveals a linear relationship between initial NO and NNK concentration in the first 1-h sample (time 0 to 1 h average). In the sample taken from hour 5 to 6, the effect of initial NO concentration seems to plateau. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

  • Figure 5.
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    Figure 5.

    Addition of 0.05 μmol antioxidant vitamin to high-nicotine, burley cigarette filler reduced NNK formation between 5% and 40%. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (22) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

  • Figure 6.
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    Figure 6.

    NNK can also form in sidestream smoke in a furnished office, despite the large increase in adsorptive losses in the more complex physical environment. Experiment 1 shows a larger increase in NNK concentration because sampling began immediately after the cigarettes were extinguished. In experiment 2, sampling began 21 min after the cigarettes were extinguished. Reproduction of graph from Philip Morris internal report (23) with the units converted to micrograms per cubic meter of NNK.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Table 1.

    NNK formation over 6 h

    YearCigarette brand or filler typeNNK in first-hour sample (ng/m3)NNK in 6-h sample (ng/m3)5.5 h/0.5 h NNKAverage % increase in NNK/h
    1986 (22)Parisienne Super4.024.56.1122
    Marlboro Filter Box2.514.15.6111
    Gauloises Jaunes Filter2.717.56.4127
    Marocaine Super2.315.66.7134
    Select Filter4.226.86.3127
    Brunette Double Filter4.410.12.346
    Flint Ultra0.848.610.2205
    Base Web0.631.72.753
    C502.718.16.6132
    Bright3.217.35.5109
    Burley7.427.83.875
    Blended Oriental0.633.55.7113
    Expanded Bright Stems0.633.25100
    Blend4.018.64.693
    Nicotine extracted0.632.53.380
    1997 (19)C201.44.43.365
    Marlboro 100s2.37.13.162
    Virginia Slims2.36.72.857
    C501.94.92.652
  • Table 2.

    NNK formation with 400 μmol/m3 NO and 55 μmol/m3 vapor-phase nicotine added to chamber at t0 (22)

    Number of cigarettes smokedNO (μmol/m3)
    Nicotine (μmol/m3)
    NNK (nmol/m3)
    0.5 h4.5 h0.0 h3.5 h0.5 h4.5 h
    0351186542445
    531017855282479
    10294190522653120
    20305149512555145
    30392215512225155
  • Table 3.

    NNK formation with varying initial concentrations of NO (22)

    Number of cigarettes smokedNO μmol/m3
    Nicotine μmol/m3
    NNK nmol/m3
    0.5 h3.5 h0.0 h3.5 h0.5 h3.5 h
    301245047271784
    30475207482349157
    30814306512782184
    301,1864015128117188
    301,0873975431170216
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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 16 (8)
August 2007
Volume 16, Issue 8
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Concentrations of the Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Increase after Release into Indoor Air: Results from Unpublished Tobacco Industry Research
Suzaynn F. Schick and Stanton Glantz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev August 1 2007 (16) (8) 1547-1553; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0210

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Concentrations of the Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Increase after Release into Indoor Air: Results from Unpublished Tobacco Industry Research
Suzaynn F. Schick and Stanton Glantz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev August 1 2007 (16) (8) 1547-1553; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0210
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