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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Gender of Offspring and Maternal Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Inkyung Baik, Mats Lambe, Qin Liu, Sven Cnattingius, Lorelei A. Mucci, Tomas Riman, Anders Ekbom, Hans-Olov Adami and Chung-Cheng Hsieh
Inkyung Baik
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Mats Lambe
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Qin Liu
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Sven Cnattingius
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Lorelei A. Mucci
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Tomas Riman
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Anders Ekbom
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Hans-Olov Adami
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Chung-Cheng Hsieh
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0645 Published November 2007
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    Figure 1.

    Relation between gender of offspring and maternal risk of ovarian cancer in uniparous, biparous, and triparous women born before 1935 (3,219 cases and 15,810 controls for the three parities). Data are adjusted for age at diagnosis or enrollment, age at first childbirth, education level closest to age 40, and area of residence closest to age 40.

Tables

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  • Table 1.

    Characteristics of the study subjects (n = 45,065)

    VariablesCases (n = 7,407), n (%)Controls (n = 37,658), n (%)
    Age at diagnosis or enrollment (y)
        17-29148 (2.0)868 (2.3)
        30-39741 (10.0)3,974 (10.6)
        40-492,003 (27.0)10,177 (27.0)
        50-592,594 (35.0)13,054 (34.7)
        60+1,921 (26.0)9,585 (25.4)
    Parity
        12,071 (28.0)8,653 (23.0)
        23,313 (44.7)16,498 (43.8)
        31,418 (19.1)8,430 (22.4)
        4 or more605 (8.2)4,077 (10.8)
    Age at 1st childbirth (y)
        14-191,350 (18.2)6,490 (17.2)
        20-243,158 (42.6)16,179 (43.0)
        25-292,011 (27.2)10,557 (28.0)
        30-34673 (9.1)3,365 (9.0)
        35+215 (2.9)1,067 (2.8)
    Education level (y)
        <93,652 (49.3)18,086 (48.0)
        ≥93,503 (47.3)18,536 (49.2)
        Missing information252 (3.4)1,036 (2.8)
    Area of residence
        Urban3,985 (53.8)20,775 (55.2)
        Rural3,422 (46.2)16,883 (44.8)
    Gender of offspring
        All girls2,007 (27.1)8,836 (23.5)
        All boys2,103 (28.4)10,007 (26.6)
        Mixed boys and girls3,297 (44.5)18,815 (50.0)
  • Table 2.

    Gender distribution of the offspring by birth order

    Gender of offspringCases
    Controls
    Boy (n)/girl (n)% BoyBoy (n)/girl (n)% Boy
    Birth order
        1st child3,773/3,63450.919,467/18,19151.7
        2nd child2,678/2,69449.915,315/14,19251.9
        3rd child1,057/99751.56,766/6,23752.0
        4th child312/30250.82,181/2,08351.2
        5th child91/7754.2709/65352.1
        6th and above44/4151.8433/40551.7
    All children7,955/7,74550.744,871/41,76151.8
  • Table 3.

    Number of boys and girls among ovarian cancer cases and control subjects and the associated OR with 95% CI

    No. girlsNo. boys
    Adjusted OR*,† (95% CI)Birth year <1935, adjusted OR*,‡ (95% CI)
    0123+
    0
        Cases—9987972121.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        Control—3,9293,6971,210
    1
        Cases1,0371,6965171411.00 (0.94-1.06)1.06 (0.97-1.15)
        Control4,2228,6173,071855
    2
        Cases825537146521.03 (0.95-1.11)1.11 (0.99-1.25)
        Control4,1903,3541,060323
    3+
        Cases24113948211.13 (0.99-1.28)1.33 (1.10-1.59)
        Control1,595944376215
    Adjusted OR*,† (95% CI)1.00 (reference)0.92 (0.87-0.98)0.87 (0.80-0.94)0.82 (0.73-0.94)
    Birth year <1935, adjusted OR*,‡ (95% CI)1.00 (reference)0.90 (0.82-0.98)0.84 (0.75-0.94)0.85 (0.70-1.01)
    • ↵* Data are adjusted for age at diagnosis or enrollment, age at first childbirth, parity, education level closest to age 40, and area of residence closest to age 40.

    • ↵† P value from test for trend was <0.001 for number of boys and 0.16 for number of girls.

    • ↵‡ P value from test for trend was 0.004 for number of boys and 0.006 for number of girls.

  • Table 4.

    Relation between gender of offspring and maternal risk of ovarian cancer in uniparous, biparous, triparous, and all women

    Gender of offspringCases/controlsCrude OR (95% CI)Adjusted OR* (95% CI)Birth year <1935, adjusted OR* (95% CI)
    Among uniparous women (n = 10,724)
        Boy1,058/4,4780.97 (0.89-1.07)0.97 (0.88-1.07)0.94 (0.82-1.08)
        Girl1,013/4,1751.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
    Among biparous women (n = 19,811)
        1st child
            Boy1,680/8,5220.96 (0.89-1.04)0.96 (0.89-1.04)0.92 (0.82-1.02)
            Girl1,633/7,9761.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        2nd child
            Boy1,664/8,4890.95 (0.88-1.03)0.96 (0.89-1.03)0.92 (0.82-1.03)
            Girl1,649/8,0091.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        1st child/2nd child
            Boy/boy826/4,2000.91 (0.82-1.02)0.91 (0.82-1.02)0.84 (0.71-0.98)
            Boy/girl854/4,3220.92 (0.82-1.02)0.91 (0.82-1.01)0.87 (0.74-1.02)
            Girl/boy838/4,2890.91 (0.82-1.01)0.90 (0.81-1.01)0.87 (0.75-1.02)
            Girl/girl795/3,6871.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
    Among triparous women (n = 9,848)
        1st child
            Boy722/4,4030.95 (0.85-1.06)0.95 (0.85-1.06)0.93 (0.79-1.10)
            Girl696/4,0271.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        2nd child
            Boy703/4,4230.89 (0.80-0.99)0.89 (0.80-1.00)0.83 (0.70-0.98)
            Girl715/4,0071.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        3rd child
            Boy727/4,4310.95 (0.85-1.06)0.94 (0.84-1.06)0.98 (0.83-1.16)
            Girl691/3,9991.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
        Three boys196/1,2760.81 (0.65-1.01)0.81 (0.65-1.00)0.72 (0.52-0.98)
        Two boys and one girl526/3,2490.86 (0.71-1.03)0.85 (0.71-1.02)0.76 (0.58-0.98)
        One boy and two girls512/2,9310.93 (0.77-1.11)0.92 (0.76-1.10)0.77 (0.59-1.01)
        Three girls184/9741.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
    All women (n = 45,065)
        All boys2,103/10,0070.93 (0.87-0.99)0.93 (0.87-0.99)0.88 (0.80-0.97)
        Mixed boys and girls3,297/18,8150.77 (0.73-0.82)0.89 (0.83-0.95)0.89 (0.80-0.98)
        All girls2,007/8,8361.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)1.00 (reference)
    • ↵* Data are adjusted for age at diagnosis or enrollment, age at first childbirth, education level closest to age 40, and area of residence closest to age 40. For biparous and triparous women, data are further adjusted for age at last birth with the previous covariates. For all women, data are further adjusted for parity.

  • Table 5.

    Associations between pregnancy-related hormones, offspring gender, and ovarian cancer risk

    Pregnancy-related hormones and proteins(1) Possible association between hormone and ovarian cancer risk(2) Possible association between bearing male offspring and hormone*(3) Predicted association between bearing male offspring and maternal ovarian cancer risk†Agreement between the present findings and the predicted association‡
    Estrogen↑/−↓−/↓Partial agreement
    Androgens↑↑/−↑/−Disagreement
    Progesterone↓↑/−−/↓Partial agreement
    hCG↓↓↑Disagreement
    IGF-I↑−/↓−/↓Partial agreement
    α-Fetoprotein0↑0Undetermined
    • NOTE: ↑, positive association; ↓, inverse association; −, null association; 0, no information.

    • ↵* Compared with bearing female offspring.

    • ↵† Predicted associations, based on the possible associations in (1) and (2), between bearing male offspring and ovarian cancer risk.

    • ↵‡ Agreement or disagreement between the predicted and our observed associations between bearing male offspring and maternal ovarian cancer risk.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 16 (11)
November 2007
Volume 16, Issue 11
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Gender of Offspring and Maternal Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Inkyung Baik, Mats Lambe, Qin Liu, Sven Cnattingius, Lorelei A. Mucci, Tomas Riman, Anders Ekbom, Hans-Olov Adami and Chung-Cheng Hsieh
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 1 2007 (16) (11) 2314-2320; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0645

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Gender of Offspring and Maternal Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Inkyung Baik, Mats Lambe, Qin Liu, Sven Cnattingius, Lorelei A. Mucci, Tomas Riman, Anders Ekbom, Hans-Olov Adami and Chung-Cheng Hsieh
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 1 2007 (16) (11) 2314-2320; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0645
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