Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Mean or prevalence of age-standardized characteristics in 1986 by calcium intake (mg/d) of Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Dietary calcium Supplemental calcium Total calcium intake <585 (Q1) ≥933 (Q4) 0 >400 <750 ≥1,500 Total calcium 609 1,289 852 1,623 577 1,878 Dietary calcium 504 1146 780 796 592 992 Supplemental calcium 35 40 0 859 1 278 Age (not standardized) 53.7 54.2 53.7 57.2 53.4 55.8 Body mass index (kg/m2) 24.9 24.9 25.0 24.6 25.0 24.9 Leisure time activity* 18.7 21.5 20.7 26.1 19.4 23.1 Vigorous activity* 10.8 13.3 12.5 17.4 11.3 15.4 Multivitamin use (%) 38.2 44.0 39.1 82.9 32.1 66.6 Current smoker (%) 12.3 8.5 9.7 8.3 11.1 7.6 Total fat (g/d) 73.1 69.4 71.4 68.6 73.0 67.9 Saturated fat (g/d) 23.9 25.4 24.5 22.9 24.3 24.5 α-linolenic acid (g/d) 1.09 1.03 1.08 1.05 1.09 1.02 Zinc (mg/d) 19.9 22.0 19.0 58.8 16.3 45.9 Vitamin E (IU/d) 94 100 84 400 67 258 Vitamin D (IU/d) 263 495 342 734 245 713 Red meat (servings/d) 0.74 0.52 0.61 0.52 0.69 0.43 Fish (servings/d) 0.39 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.39 0.38 Tomato sauce (servings/wk) 1.0 0.88 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.84 Dairy foods (servings/d) 1.2 3.1 1.93 1.95 0.94 3.3 Lactose (g/d) 7.9 30.9 15.1 14.0 5.4 30.3 PSA test ≥1 (%)† 93.2 93.6 93.6 94.4 93.2 93.5 PSA test ≥3 (%)† 72.0 73.8 73.4 76.0 72.3 76.4 - Table 2.
RR and 95% CI of prostate cancer in relation to total calcium intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2002)
Total calcium (mg/d) Ptrend <500 500-749 750-999 1,000-1,499 1,500-1,999 ≥2,000 Total prostate cancer All cases Cases 183 1072 1099 898 207 85 RR (95% CI) 0.98 (0.84-1.15) 1 1.07 (0.98-1.16) 1.03 (0.94-1.12) 1.06 (0.91-1.23) 1.28 (1.02-1.60) 0.10 Excluding men using calcium supplements <5 y Cases 182 1040 1016 743 155 57 RR (95% CI) 0.98 (0.84-1.15) 1 1.09 (1.00-1.18) 1.03 (0.94-1.14) 1.10 (0.93-1.31) 1.28 (0.97-1.67) 0.09 Limited to men with a PSA test (1992-2002) Cases 114 745 820 673 144 41 RR (95% CI) 1.05 (0.86-1.28) 1 1.08 (0.98-1.20) 1.05 (0.95-1.17) 1.06 (0.88-1.27) 1.01 (0.73-1.38) 0.65 Nonadvanced prostate cancer All cases Cases 152 915 952 769 170 63 RR (95% CI) 0.98 (0.83-1.17) 1 1.07 (0.98-1.17) 1.02 (0.92-1.12) 1.01 (0.86-1.20) 1.13 (0.88-1.47) 0.55 Excluding men using calcium supplements < 5 y Cases 151 888 879 632 125 38 RR (95% CI) 0.98 (0.82-1.17) 1 1.09 (0.99-1.20) 1.02 (0.92-1.13) 1.03 (0.85-1.24) 1.02 (0.73-1.4) 0.80 Limited to men with a PSA test (1992-2002) Cases 109 674 741 611 131 32 RR (95% CI) 1.11 (0.91-1.37) 1 1.08 (0.97-1.20) 1.06 (0.95-1.18) 1.07 (0.88-1.29) 0.87 (0.61-1.25) 0.95 Advanced prostate cancer All cases Cases 31 157 147 129 37 22 RR (95% CI) 0.99 (0.67-1.46) 1 1.02 (0.81-1.28) 1.05 (0.83-1.33) 1.36 (0.94-1.95) 2.02 (1.28-3.19) 0.005 Excluding men using calcium supplements <5 y Cases 31 152 137 111 30 19 RR (95% CI) 1.01 (0.68-1.49) 1 1.06 (0.84-1.33) 1.12 (0.87-1.43) 1.60 (1.07-2.38) 2.60 (1.60-4.23) 0.0003 Limited to men with a PSA test (1992-2002) Cases 5 71 79 62 13 9 RR (95% CI) 0.48 (0.19-1.19) 1 1.09 (0.79-1.51) 1.03 (0.72-1.45) 1.03 (0.57-1.88) 2.21 (1.09-4.50) 0.09 Fatal prostate cancer All cases Cases 21 94 81 76 26 14 RR (95% CI) 1.05 (0.65-1.69) 1 0.95 (0.70-1.28) 1.04 (0.77-1.42) 1.56 (1.00-2.43) 2.02 (1.14-3.58) 0.01 Excluding men using calcium supplements <5 y Cases 21 94 76 63 22 12 RR (95% CI) 1.03 (0.64-1.66) 1 0.97 (0.71-1.31) 1.04 (0.75-1.44) 1.87 (1.17-3.01) 2.43 (1.32-4.48) 0.003 Limited to men with a PSA test (1992-2002) Cases 2 31 34 25 5 5 RR (95% CI) 0.45 (0.11-1.90) 1 1.05 (0.79-1.51) 0.89 (0.64-1.72) 0.82 (0.52-1.53) 2.55 (0.96-6.76) 0.34 NOTE: Multivariable RR controlled for age, time period, body mass index at age 21, vigorous physical activity, height, cigarette pack-years in the previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, race, and intake of total calories, red meat, fish, α-linolenic acid, zinc supplements, and tomato sauce.
- Table 3.
Calcium intake from dietary and supplemental sources in relation to risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2002)
Dietary calcium intake, quartiles (mg/d) Ptrend <585 585-731 732-932 ≥933 Advanced prostate cancer Cases 98 109 124 149 RR* (95% CI) 1 1.11 (0.84-1.46) 1.22 (0.93-1.60) 1.46 (1.12-1.90) 0.003 Fatal prostate cancer Cases 59 68 77 84 RR* (95% CI) 1 1.16 (0.82-1.66) 1.26 (0.89-1.78) 1.36 (0.97-1.92) 0.08 Supplemental calcium intake (mg/d) Ptrend 0 1-400 ≥401 Advanced prostate cancer Cases 408 15 57 RR* (95% CI) 1 1.08 (0.64-1.81) 1.22 (0.93-1.62) 0.17 Fatal prostate cancer Cases 237 9 42 RR* (95% CI) 1 1.05 (0.54-2.04) 1.51 (1.09-2.10) 0.05 ↵* Multivariable RR controlled for age, time period, body mass index at age 21, vigorous physical activity, height, cigarette pack-years in the previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, race, and intake of total calories, red meat, fish, α-linolenic acid, zinc supplements, and tomato sauce; excluding men using calcium supplements <5 years at baseline.
- Table 4.
RR and 95% CI of prostate cancer in relation to dairy food and lactose intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2002)
Dairy food intake, quintiles (median servings/d) Ptrend 0.50 1.05 1.57 2.28 3.72 Total prostate cancer Cases 648 713 696 771 716 Multivariable model RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.04 (0.93-1.15) 1.02 (0.91-1.14) 1.11 (0.99-1.24) 1.07 (0.95-1.20) 0.20 Multivariable model + calcium RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.03 (0.92-1.15) 1.00 (0.89-1.13) 1.09 (0.96-1.23) 1.05 (0.91-1.21) 0.44 Advanced prostate cancer Cases 81 116 90 111 125 Multivariable model RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.25 (0.94-1.67) 0.95 (0.70-1.29) 1.08 (0.80-1.46) 1.21 (0.89-1.64) 0.39 Multivariable model + calcium RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.25 (0.93-1.69) 0.93 (0.67-1.29) 1.04 (0.74-1.45) 1.08 (0.75-1.55) 0.99 Lactose intake, quintiles (median g/d) Ptrend 3.8 7.7 12.0 17.5 31.1 Total prostate cancer Cases 608 656 720 766 794 Multivariable model RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.02 (0.91-1.14) 1.07 (0.96-1.19) 1.11 (0.99-1.23) 1.13 (1.02-1.26) 0.01 Multivariable model + calcium RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.02 (0.91-1.15) 1.07 (0.95-1.21) 1.12 (0.98-1.27) 1.18 (1.02-1.35) 0.02 Advanced prostate cancer Cases 82 103 94 109 135 Multivariable model RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.14 (0.85-1.52) 0.99 (0.73-1.34) 1.08 (0.80-1.44) 1.35 (1.02-1.79) 0.03 Multivariable model + calcium RR (95% CI) 1.00 1.15 (0.84-1.56) 1.01 (0.72-1.40) 1.10 (0.78-1.55) 1.36 (0.95-1.97) 0.09 NOTE: Multivariable RR controlled for age, time period, body mass index at age 21, vigorous physical activity, height, cigarette pack-years in the previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, race, and intake of total calories, red meat, fish, α-linolenic acid, zinc supplements, and tomato sauce.
Dairy foods based on servings/day of skim/low fat milk, whole milk, cream, sour cream, sherbet ice milk, ice cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, cream cheese, other cheese.
- Table 5.
Mean plasma 1,25(OH)2D, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D ratio according to calcium intake
Total calcium (mg/d) Ptrend <500 500-749 750-999 1,000-1,499 1,500-1,999 ≥2,000 n 90 243 276 230 58 28 Plasma 1,25(OH)2D 35.5 34.5 33.9 32.9 32.6 31.2 0.002 Plasma 25(OH)D 23.0 22.5 23.3 24.5 25.1 23.9 0.002 Plasma 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D 1.83 1.68 1.62 1.46 1.42 1.46 <0.0001 NOTE: Mean of plasma vitamin D is based on least square means from the regression model adjusting for age, season of blood drawn, and year of assay (1996 or 1998).
Calcium intake is from 1994 food frequency questionnaire because blood samples were drawn in 1993-1994.
Volume 15, Issue 2
