Infant Acute Leukemia and Maternal Exposures during Pregnancy

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0031 Published December 2006

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Figure 1.
Distribution of cases and controls (ratio) by geographic regions, Brazil, 1999-2005.

Table 1.

Sociodemographic variables distribution, IAL cases and controls, Brazil, 1999-2005

	Cases (n = 202), n (%)	Controls (n = 440), n (%)	P
Age at hospitalization (mo)
0-15	103 (51.0)	262 (59.5)	0.04
16-21	99 (49.0)	178 (40.5)	0.04
Sex
Male	100 (49.6)	233 (53.0)	0.488
Female	102 (50.4)	207 (47.0)	0.488
Race (skin color)*
White	106 (52.5)	156 (35.6)	0.004
Intermediate	58 (28.7)	142 (32.2)
Black	38 (18.8)	142 (32.2)
Maternal age (y)
<18	4 (2.0)	39 (8.9)	0.002
18-24	66 (32.7)	185 (42.0)
25-34	99 (49.0)	162 (36.8)
>35	33 (16.3)	54 (12.3)
Population density (residence area)
<10,000	11 (5.4)	18 (4.0)	0.001
10,000-39,999	28 (13.9)	36 (8.2)
40,000-99,999	27 (13.4)	52 (11.9)
100,000-499,000	50 (24.8)	83 (18.9)
500,000-1,000,000	18 (8.9)	39 (8.9)
>1,000,000	68 (33.7)	212 (48.1)
Geographic origin in Brazil
Southeast	117 (57.9)	251 (57.1)	0.001
Northeast	51 (25.2)	104 (23.6)
South	24 (11.9)	51 (11.6)
Central plateau	10 (5.0)	34 (7.7)
Mother education (y)
<4	104 (51.5)	208 (47.2)	0.001
5-9	74 (36.6)	198 (45.0)
≥10	24 (11.9)	34 (7.7)
Monthly family income^†
<400	99 (49.0)	276 (62.7)	0.001
400-999	50 (24.8)	111 (25.2)
1,000-1,999	35 (17.3)	42 (9.5)
≥2,000	18 (8.9)	11 (2.5)

Table 2.

Maternal exposures during pregnancy, IAL cases and controls, Brazil, 1999-2005

↵* Adjusted for sex, income, maternal age, and birth weight.
↵† Paracetamol, aspirin, hyoscine, and codeine.
↵‡ Misoprostol, herbal infusions, and other compounds used as abortive.
↵§ Oral contraceptives, antiabortive progesterone treatment, and thyroid hormones.

Table 3.

Hormonal intake during preconception and pregnancy and IAL according to MLL status, Brazil, 1999-2005

↵* Reported hormonal intake 1 year before pregnancy.
↵† MLL status and hormonal exposure OR (case-case approach) adjusted for sex, income, maternal age, and birth weight.

Table 4.

Association of selected environmental exposures during pregnancy and MLL status, IAL cases, in a case-case analysis, Brazil, 1999-2005

Exposure	Exposed and MLL^+ve (n)	Unexposed and MLL^+ve (n)	Exposed and MLL^−ve (n)	Unexposed and MLL^−ve (n)	Crude OR (95% CI)*	Adjusted OR^† (95% CI)
Dipyrone	47	23	44	34	1.58 (0.80-3.08)	1.45 (0.75-2.86)
Metronidazole	12	54	7	72	2.29 (0.84-6.19)	1.72 (0.64-4.58)
Quinolones	2	65	1	79	2.43 (0.21-27.41)	2.25 (0.70-25.70)
Hormones	6	57	4	76	2.00 (0.54-7.42)	1.88 (0.50-7.01)
Misoprostol	3	17	2	10	0.88 (0.12-6.21)	0.44 (0.50-7.01)

↵* Interaction OR between MLL gene status and selected exposures (case-only approach).
↵† ORs for MLL gene status and selected exposures adjusted for sex, income, maternal age, and birth weight.