Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of women who developed lung cancer and noncases in the IWHS
Characteristics All lung cancer cases, N = 403, n (%) Noncases, N = 26,759, n (%) HR (95% CI) P Age 61-65 148 (36.7) 9,974 (37.3) 1.00 (reference) 66-70 142 (35.2) 9,392 (35.1) 1.02 (0.81-1.28) 71+ 113 (28.0) 7,383 (27.6) 1.03 (0.80-1.32) 0.97 Pack-years 0 73 (18.8) 18,174 (69.4) 1.00 (reference) 1-19 23 (5.9) 3,537 (13.5) 1.62 (1.01-2.59) 20-39 122 (31.4) 2,665 (10.2) 11.4 (8.50-15.3) 40+ 170 (43.8) 1,808 (6.9) 23.4 (17.7-30.9) <0.0001 Smoking status Never 73 (18.5) 18,174 (69.0) 1.00 (reference) Past 148 (37.5) 6,008 (22.8) 6.13 (4.63-8.13) Current 174 (44.0) 2,178 (8.3) 19.9 (15.1-26.2) <0.0001 Alcohol (g/d) 0 175 (43.4) 14,963 (55.9) 1.00 (reference) 0.9-1.9 54 (13.4) 3,974 (14.8) 1.16 (0.85-1.56) ≥2 174 (43.2) 7,822 (29.2) 1.90 (1.52-2.32) <0.0001 Education <High school graduate 91 (22.6) 4,603 (17.2) 1.00 (reference) High school graduate 164 (40.7) 11,308 (42.4) 0.73 (0.57-0.95) Post-high school 148 (36.7) 10,791 (40.4) 0.69 (0.53-0.90) 0.02 BMI ≥30 kg/m2 57 (14.1) 6,085 (22.7) 0.56 (0.42-0.74) <0.0001 WHR ≥0.8274 (median) 203 (50.6) 13,338 (50.0) 1.03 (0.84-1.25) 0.80 Total fruit servings weekly ≥17 (median) 149 (37.0) 13,486 (50.4) 0.58 (0.47-0.71) <0.0001 Total vegetable servings weekly ≥22.5 (median) 194 (48.1) 13,764 (51.4) 0.88 (0.72-1.07) 0.19 Energy intake (kcal/d) ≥1707 (median) 205 (50.9) 13,383 (50.0) 1.03 (0.85-1.26) 0.73 Current vitamin use 117 (29.1) 8,763 (33.2) 0.84 (0.68-1.04) 0.03 History of arthritis 206 (51.8) 12,749 (48.2) 0.87 (0.71-1.06) 0.16 History of high blood pressure 136 (34.4) 9,450 (36.1) 1.16 (0.87-1.54) 0.49 History of migraines 40 (10.0) 2,544 (9.6) 1.04 (0.75-1.45) 0.95 Family history of cancer 159 (39.4) 10,013 (37.5) 1.09 (0.89-1.33) 0.40 History of heart disease/heart attack 75 (21.1) 3,297,(14.1) 1.74 (1.35-2.25) 0.0002 NOTE: Baseline (1986) variables: BMI, WHR, family history of lung cancer, family history of cancer, pack-years, high blood pressure, multivitamin use, fruit and vegetable intake, education, and energy intake. Follow-up (1992) variables: age, history of arthritis, smoking status, history of heart disease/heart attack, history of migraines, and alcohol.
- Table 2.
Prevalence (%) of participant characteristics by frequency of aspirin or other NSAID use
Characteristics Aspirin* NSAIDS* 0 <1 1 2-5 6+ 0 <1 1 2-5 6+ n = 7,628 n = 7,524 n = 1,492 n = 4,799 n = 5,719 n = 16,429 n = 4,158 n = 836 n = 2,182 n = 3,557 Age, >65 y† 65 59 64 62 66 64 58 63 60 63 BMI, ≥30 kg/m2‡ 25 19 20 21 25 20 21 24 26 34 WHR, ≥0.8274‡ 52 46 50 48 54 49 47 51 50 56 Multivitamin use‡ 31 30 34 34 37 31 33 36 37 37 Currently smoking† 9 8 8 9 10 9 8 8 9 10 History of migraines† 9 7 8 11 13 8 10 10 13 14 History of arthritis‡ 53 44 46 52 63 44 51 58 64 79 History of high blood pressure‡ 36 30 33 36 44 34 33 37 37 43 History of heart disease/heart attack† 13 8 9 12 27 14 12 14 14 18 High school graduate or higher education‡ 82 86 82 82 82 83 85 80 81 82 Alcohol, ≥2 g/d† 26 30 32 33 29 28 33 35 32 28 - Table 3.
Association of aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use with lung cancer incidence, IWHS, 1992-2002
No. cases Total person-years Age-adjusted HR* (95% CI) Multivariate-adjusted HR*† (95% CI) Multivariate-adjusted HR*‡ (95% CI) Aspirin use Never 110 73,658 1.00 1.00 1.00 (1.00) ≤1 weekly 126 89,767 0.96 (0.74-1.25) 1.10 (0.84-1.43) 1.01 (0.77-1.35) 2-5 weekly 58 47,615 0.83 (0.60-1.14) 0.87 (0.63-1.21) 0.85 (0.60-1.19) 6+ weekly 109 55,046 1.34 (1.02-1.74) 1.21 (0.92-1.59) 1.08 (0.81-1.45) Ptrend 0.01 0.22 0.58 NSAID use Never 241 160,623 1.00 1.00 1.00 ≤1 weekly 68 49,652 0.93 (0.71-1.22) 0.99 (0.75-1.30) 0.92 (0.68-1.24) 2-5 weekly 33 21,503 1.04 (0.72-1.50) 1.10 (0.76-1.60) 1.16 (0.79-1.70) 6+ weekly 61 34,308 1.16 (0.88-1.54) 1.23 (0.92-1.65) 1.10 (0.80-1.51) Ptrend 0.64 0.53 0.71 ↵* Aspirin analyses adjusted for NSAID use and NSAID analyses adjusted for aspirin use.
↵† Adjusted for age (61-65, 66-70, and 71+), education (<high school, high school, and >high school), alcohol intake (continuous), smoking status (never, past, and current), pack-years (0, 1-19, 20-39, and 40+), BMI (continuous), and total fruit servings weekly (continuous).
↵‡ Adjusted for age (61-65, 66-70, and 71+), education (<high school, high school, and >high school), alcohol intake (continuous), smoking status (never, past, and current), pack-years (0, 1-19, 20-39, and 40+), BMI (continuous), total fruit servings weekly (continuous), and history of heart disease/heart attack (yes and no).
- Table 4.
Joint association of aspirin and NSAID use with lung cancer incidence, IWHS, 1992-2002
Aspirin use* Other NSAID use HR (95% CI) Nonusers <1-5 weekly 6+ weekly Nonusers 1 (referent) 1.03 (0.74-1.44) 1.19 (0.82-1.73) <1-5 weekly 1.09 (0.65-1.82) 1.02 (0.69-1.51) 1.14 (0.67-1.92) 6+ weekly 1.36 (0.82-2.26) 1.00 (0.54-1.83) 1.23 (0.67-2.26) NOTE: Adjusted for age (61-65, 66-70, and 71+ years), education (<high school, high school, and >high school), alcohol intake (continuous), smoking status (never, past, and current), pack-years (0, 1-19, 20-39, and 40+), BMI (continuous), total fruit servings weekly (continuous), and any heart disease/heart attack.
↵* Aspirin analyses adjusted for NSAID use and NSAID analyses adjusted for aspirin use.
- Table 5.
Association of aspirin and NSAID use and incident lung cancer by pack-years of smoking, IWHS, 1992-2002
Pack-years 0 <40 40+ n = 73 cases; n = 18,134 noncases n = 144 cases; n = 6,161 noncases n = 169 cases; n = 1,798 noncases Adjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI) Aspirin use Never 1.00 1.00 1.00 ≤1 weekly 1.06 (0.58-1.95) 0.87 (0.55-1.35) 1.14 (0.73-1.80) 2-5 weekly 0.97 (0.47-2.02) 0.76 (0.44-1.32) 0.89 (0.51-1.54) 6+ weekly 0.71 (0.33-1.54) 1.06 (0.66-1.68) 1.34 (0.86-2.08) Ptrend 0.77 0.66 0.41 NSAID use Never 1.00 1.00 1.00 ≤1 weekly 0.85 (0.42-1.72) 0.96 (0.61-1.52) 0.92 (0.57-1.47) 2-5 weekly 1.57 (0.70-3.52) 0.83 (0.42-1.66) 1.25 (0.70-2.22) 6+ weekly 1.28 (0.61-2.66) 0.91 (0.53-1.56) 1.18 (0.73-1.88) Ptrend 0.59 0.95 0.74 NOTE: Adjusted for age (61-65, 66-70, and 71+ years), education (<high school, high school, and >high school), alcohol intake (continuous), BMI (continuous), total fruit servings weekly (continuous), and any heart disease/heart attack (yes and no). Aspirin analyses adjusted for NSAID use and NSAID analyses adjusted for aspirin use.
- Table 6.
Association of aspirin or NSAID use with incident lung cancer by histologic type, IWHS, 1992-2002
Histologic type Small cell Squamous Adenocarcinoma Other n = 65 cases; n = 26,414 noncases n = 73 cases; n = 26,406 noncases n = 142 cases; n = 26,357 noncases n = 106 cases; n = 26,353 noncases Adjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (CI 95%) Aspirin use Never 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ≤1 weekly 1.46 (0.70-3.06) 0.60 (0.28-1.29) 1.24 (0.77-2.01) 1.049 (0.68-1.61) 2-5 weekly 1.34 (0.58-3.13) 1.18 (0.57-2.45) 0.80 (0.43-1.50) 0.68 (0.38-1.19) 6+ weekly 1.46 (0.68-3.13) 1.31 (0.68-2.51) 1.50 (0.92-2.45) 0.64 (0.38-1.07) Ptrend 0.74 0.21 0.16 0.14 NSAID use Never 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ≤1 weekly 0.92 (0.45-1.85) 1.24 (0.64-2.40) 1.05 (0.66-1.60) 0.62 (0.36-1.08) 2-5 weekly 0.63 (0.19-2.06) 1.80 (0.83-3.91) 1.26 (0.66-2.39) 1.00 (0.52-1.93) 6+ weekly 0.94 (0.41-2.12) 0.91 (0.40-2.06) 1.13 (0.65-1.95) 1.32 (0.82-2.14) Ptrend 0.90 0.45 0.89 0.17 NOTE: Adjusted for age (61-65, 66-70, and 71+ years), education (<high school, high school, and >high school), alcohol intake (continuous), smoking status (never, past, and current), pack-years (0, 1-19, 20-39, and 40+), BMI (continuous), total fruit servings weekly (continuous), and any heart disease/heart attack (yes and no).
Aspirin analyses adjusted for NSAID use and NSAID analyses adjusted for aspirin use.
Volume 15, Issue 11
