Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
ORs and 95% CIs for the association of selective nondietary variables with the risk of ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999
Variable Cases (n = 558), n (%) Controls (n = 607), n (%) OR* (95% CI) P for trend† Center Hawaii 200 (35.8) 283 (46.6) Los Angeles 358 (64.2) 324 (53.4) Age (y)‡ <45 130 (23.3) 149 (24.5) 45-54 160 (28.7) 171 (28.2) 55-64 117 (21.0) 98 (16.1) ≥65 151 (27.1) 189 (31.1) Ethnicity‡ Caucasian 258 (46.2) 266 (43.8) Asian 206 (37.2) 254 (41.8) Other 94 (16.6) 87 (14.3) Education (y) <13 189 (33.9) 163 (26.8) 1§ (—) 13-14 194 (34.8) 214 (35.2) 0.75 (0.55-1.02) 15 113 (20.2) 150 (24.7) 0.63 (0.41-0.96) ≥16 62 (11.1) 80 (13.2) 0.59 (0.41-0.83) 0.002 No. full term pregnancies 0 159 (28.5) 107 (17.6) 1§ (—) 1 77 (13.8) 90 (14.8) 0.60 (0.41-0.89) 2 139 (24.9) 179 (29.5) 0.60 (0.42-0.84) ≥3 183 (32.8) 231 (38.1) 0.53 (0.37-0.75) 0.002 Oral contraceptive pill use (y) 0 320 (57.3) 269 (44.3) 1§ (—) 0.1-1.8 93 (16.7) 99 (16.3) 0.74 (0.51-1.08) 1.9-5.3 82 (14.7) 110 (18.1) 0.61 (0.42-0.88) ≥5.4 63 (11.3) 129 (21.2) 0.36 (0.24-0.54) <0.0001 History of tubal ligation No 490 (87.8) 487 (80.2) 1§ (—) Yes 68 (12.2) 120 (19.8) 0.70 (0.50-0.99) Menopausal status Premenopausal 217 (38.9) 256 (42.2) 1§ (—) Postmenopausal 341 (61.1) 351 (57.8) 1.36 (0.93-1.99) Drinking status Nondrinker 354 (63.6) 369 (60.8) 1§ (—) Drinker 203 (36.4) 238 (39.2) 0.88 (0.67-1.66) Former drinker 104 (18.6) 95 (15.6) 1.16 (0.82-1.64) Current drinker 99 (17.7) 143 (23.6) 0.69 (0.50-0.96) Smoking status Nonsmoker 351 (62.9) 367 (60.5) 1§ (—) Smoker 207 (37.1) 240 (39.5) 0.92 (0.72-1.19) Former smoker 143 (18.6) 161 (15.6) 0.96 (0.72-1.27) Current smoker 64 (17.7) 79 (23.6) 0.86 (0.59-1.25) Vitamin/mineral supplement use None 210 (37.6) 151 (24.9) Multivitamin 279 (50.0) 387 (63.8) Vitamin A or β-carotene 68 (12.2) 79 (13.0) Vitamin C 180 (32.2) 212 (34.9) Vitamin E 151 (27.1) 193 (31.8) ↵* After adjustment by unconditional multiple logistic regression for age, ethnicity, study center, education, oral contraceptive pill use, parity, and tubal ligation (where appropriate).
↵† Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.
↵‡ Cases and controls were frequency matched on these variables.
↵§ Reference category.
- Table 2.
ORs (95% CIs) for the association of quartiles of total vitamin A and carotenoid intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999
Q2 vs Q1 Q3 vs Q1 Q4 vs Q1 P for trend* All women (n = 558 cases and 607 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.78 (0.55-1.10) 0.66 (0.46-0.95) 0.61 (0.42-0.89) 0.02 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 1.04 (0.73-1.47) 0.75 (0.52-1.08) 0.72 (0.49-1.07) 0.05 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.09 (0.77-1.54) 0.66 (0.46-0.96) 0.78 (0.52-1.17) 0.11 α-Carotene (μg) 1.19 (0.85-1.68) 0.73 (0.52-1.04) 0.81 (0.56-1.17) 0.08 β-Carotene (μg)† 0.98 (0.70-1.39) 0.70 (0.49-1.00) 0.66 (0.45-0.97) 0.02 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.26 (0.89-1.78) 0.78 (0.55-1.12) 0.82 (0.56-1.21) 0.11 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.20 (0.85-1.68) 1.18 (0.84-1.67) 1.33 (0.93-1.91) 0.14 Lycopene (μg) 0.93 (0.65-1.31) 0.96 (0.66-1.39) 0.97 (0.65-1.44) 0.91 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.27 (0.89-1.80) 1.06 (0.73-1.53) 0.84 (0.57-1.26) 0.31 Premenopausal women (n = 217 cases and 256 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.70 (0.39-1.25) 0.52 (0.29-0.93) 0.49 (0.26-0.92) 0.04 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 1.28 (0.72-2.27) 0.73 (0.49-1.33) 0.71 (0.38-1.35)0.15 0.15 All carotenoids (μg)† 0.96 (0.54-1.70) 0.56 (0.30-1.92) 0.65 (0.33-1.27) 0.15 α-Carotene (μg) 1.58 (0.89-2.80) 0.60 (0.33-1.10) 0.70 (0.38-1.29) 0.06 β-Carotene (μg)† 1.27 (0.73-2.21) 0.73 (0.41-1.31) 0.61 (0.33-1.14) 0.04 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.54 (0.88-2.72) 0.70 (0.39-1.26) 0.70 (0.37-1.31) 0.10 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 0.81 (0.48-1.38) 0.58 (0.33-1.00) 0.79 (0.43-1.44) 0.20 Lycopene (μg) 1.01 (0.55-1.85) 0.95 (0.50-1.81) 1.04 (0.52-2.07) 0.84 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 0.98 (0.55-1.75) 1.04 (0.56-1.94) 0.60 (0.31-1.16) 0.15 Postmenopausal women (n = 341 cases and 351 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.77 (0.49-1.21) 0.70 (0.43-1.12) 0.60 (0.36-0.99) 0.06 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 0.84 (0.53-1.32) 0.70 (0.43-1.24) 0.62 (0.36-1.05)0.06 0.06 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.13 (0.72-1.78) 0.66 (0.41-1.07) 0.76 (0.45-1.28) 0.16 α-Carotene (μg) 0.96 (0.62-1.50) 0.78 (0.50-1.22) 0.81 (0.50-1.31) 0.29 β-Carotene (μg)† 0.78 (0.49-1.23) 0.62 (0.38-0.99) 0.59 (0.36-0.97) 0.05 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.01 (0.64-1.59) 0.79 (0.40-1.26) 0.75 (0.45-1.25) 0.17 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.64 (1.03-2.60) 1.98 (1.24-3.17) 1.90 (1.17-3.07) 0.007 Lycopene (μg) 0.91 (0.59-1.42) 1.46 (0.66-1.69) 0.90 (0.54-1.50) 0.80 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.43 (0.90-2.25) 0.97 (0.60-1.56) 0.89 (0.52-1.50) 0.45 Mucinous tumors (n = 109 cases and 607 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.55 (0.31-0.99) 0.34 (0.18-0.65) 0.49 (0.26-0.93) 0.06 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 0.73 (0.40-1.32) 0.50 (0.26-0.95) 0.53 (0.27-1.06) 0.04 All carotenoids (μg)† 0.84 (0.46-1.52) 0.57 (0.30-1.07) 0.52 (0.25-1.07) 0.07 α-Carotene (μg) 1.02 (0.57-1.82) 0.58 (0.31-1.09) 0.70 (0.37-1.34) 0.13 β-Carotene (μg)† 0.68 (0.38-1.22) 0.52 (0.28-0.97) 0.43 (0.22-0.86) 0.02 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 0.80 (0.44-1.44) 0.64 (0.35-1.18) 0.48 (0.24-0.95) 0.01 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.05 (0.59-1.88) 0.91 (0.50-1.66) 0.82 (0.43-1.57) 0.50 Lycopene (μg) 1.39 (0.76-2.55) 0.89 (0.44-1.78) 1.15 (0.55-2.38) 0.99 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.05 (0.58-1.90) 0.85 (0.45-1.62) 0.53 (0.26-1.10) 0.08 Nonmucinous tumors (n = 449 cases and 607 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.87 (0.60-1.25) 0.78 (0.53-1.13) 0.65 (0.44-0.98) 0.04 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 1.15 (0.79-1.66) 0.84 (0.57-1.24) 0.79 (0.52-1.20) 0.13 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.17 (0.81-1.69) 0.70 (0.47-1.03) 0.86 (0.56-1.31) 0.25 α-Carotene (μg) 1.25 (0.87-1.80) 0.79 (0.54-1.14) 0.85 (0.58-1.25) 0.16 β-Carotene (μg)† 1.09 (0.76-1.57) 0.76 (0.52-1.12) 0.74 (0.49-1.10) 0.05 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.43 (0.99-2.06) 0.83 (0.56-1.21) 0.94 (0.62-1.42) 0.29 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.24 (0.86-1.78) 1.27 (0.88-1.83) 1.49 (1.02-2.19) 0.05 Lycopene (μg) 0.83 (0.57-1.20) 0.98 (0.67-1.45) 0.94 (0.62-1.43) 0.93 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.33 (0.92-1.93) 1.13 (0.76-1.67) 0.94 (0.61-1.43) 0.63 Smokers (n = 207 cases and 240 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.69 (0.38-1.24) 0.59 (0.33-1.05) 0.36 (0.19-0.66) 0.001 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 0.95 (0.53-1.70) 0.82 (0.45-1.47) 0.51 (0.57-0.95) 0.03 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.07 (0.59-1.92) 0.64 (0.36-1.15) 0.42 (0.22-0.78) 0.002 α-Carotene (μg) 1.36 (0.78-2.36) 0.78 (0.44-1.38) 0.74 (0.42-1.31) 0.17 β-Carotene (μg)† 0.98 (0.56-1.73) 0.78 (0.43-1.41) 0.37 (0.20-0.68) 0.0003 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.18 (0.67-2.10) 0.75 (0.42-1.34) 0.55 (0.30-1.01) 0.03 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 0.85 (0.50-1.43) 1.00 (0.56-1.77) 0.79 (0.44-1.43) 0.55 Lycopene (μg) 1.18 (0.64-2.16) 1.03 (0.56-1.90) 0.84 (0.43-1.63) 0.49 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.56 (0.85-2.84) 0.81 (0.43-1.54) 0.71 (0.37-1.03) 0.10 Nonsmokers (n = 351 cases and 367 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.82 (0.53-1.28) 0.69 (0.43-1.09) 0.80 (0.48-1.31) 0.48 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 1.11 (0.71-1.73) 0.71 (0.44-1.15) 0.87 (0.52-1.48) 0.33 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.15 (0.74-1.79) 0.69 (0.43-1.12) 1.19 (0.70-2.04) 0.63 α-Carotene (μg) 1.09 (0.70-1.71) 0.68 (0.43-1.07) 0.81 (0.51-1.28) 0.27 β-Carotene (μg)† 1.04 (0.67-1.60) 0.68 (0.43-1.08) 0.94 (0.57-1.55) 0.76 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.35 (0.87-2.10) 0.82 (0.51-1.30) 1.03 (0.61-1.73) 0.63 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.53 (0.97-2.40) 1.35 (0.86-2.11) 1.83 (1.13-2.95) 0.02 Lycopene (μg) 0.83 (0.54-1.27) 0.95 (0.59-1.52) 1.09 (0.65-1.82) 0.71 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.14 (0.73-1.76) 1.28 (0.81-2.02) 0.93 (0.55-1.57) 0.97 Drinkers (n = 203 cases and 238 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.90 (0.49-1.63) 0.83 (0.45-1.55) 0.86 (0.45-1.65) 0.70 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 1.13 (0.63-2.03) 0.90 (0.49-1.65) 1.04 (0.54-2.00) 0.94 All carotenoids (μg)† 1.52 (0.83-2.77) 0.61 (0.32-1.14) 1.05 (0.55-1.99) 0.79 α-Carotene (μg) 1.38 (0.78-2.44) 0.74 (0.42-1.32) 0.94 (0.51-1.64) 0.42 β-Carotene (μg)† 1.10 (0.62-1.95) 0.79 (0.43-1.46) 0.89 (0.48-1.63) 0.58 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.47 (0.83-2.63) 0.94 (0.51-1.72) 1.09 (0.58-2.06) 0.88 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.38 (0.81-2.35) 1.63 (0.92-2.88) 0.88 (0.47-1.63) 0.91 Lycopene (μg) 1.15 (0.62-2.12) 1.15 (0.62-2.14) 0.91 (0.48-1.74) 0.72 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.54 (0.83-2.85) 1.04 (0.55-1.95) 1.55 (0.79-3.06) 0.39 Nondrinkers (n = 354 cases and 369 controls) Vitamin A (IU)† 0.68 (0.44-1.05) 0.59 (0.38-0.92) 0.47 (0.29-0.76) 0.004 Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only 0.93 (0.60-1.44) 0.63 (0.39-1.00) 0.53 (0.31-0.88) 0.006 All carotenoids (μg)† 0.91 (0.59-1.40) 0.67 (0.42-1.06) 0.61 (0.36-1.05) 0.05 α-Carotene (μg) 1.06 (0.69-1.63) 0.67 (0.42-1.06) 0.70 (0.43-1.14) 0.06 β-Carotene (μg)† 0.90 (0.58-1.40) 0.62 (0.39-0.97) 0.51 (0.31-0.84) 0.004 β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only 1.12 (0.72-1.74) 0.66 (0.42-1.05) 0.64 (0.38-1.05) 0.03 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) 1.06 (0.68-1.67) 0.98 (0.63-1.53) 1.51 (0.95-2.39) 0.11 Lycopene (μg) 0.85 (0.55-1.32) 0.86 (0.54-1.38) 1.02 (0.60-1.73) 0.98 Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg) 1.15 (0.75-1.78) 1.10 (0.69-1.75) 0.58 (0.34-0.97) 0.06 NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by polytomous logistic regression (histologic type) or unconditional logistic regression (all other variables). Quartile cut points for vitamin A and carotenoids were as follows: vitamin A (total), 9,230, 14,366, and 23,148 IU; vitamin A (food sources), 7,433, 11,444, and 18,703 IU; total carotenoids, 7,887, 12,470, and 19,597 μg; α-carotene, 470, 898, and 1,703 μg; β-carotene (total), 3,016, 5,070, and 8,252 μg; β-carotene (food sources), 2,880, 4,722, and 7,575 μg; β-cryptoxanthin, 55.2, 137.6, and 322.5 μg; lycopene, 1,542, 2,636, and 4,659 μg; lutein/zeaxanthin, 1,711, 2,707, and 4,182 μg.
↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.
↵† Includes both food and supplement sources.
- Table 3.
ORs (95% CIs) for the association of quartiles of carotenoid-rich food intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999
Q2 vs Q1 Q3 vs Q1 Q4 vs Q1 P for trend* All vegetables with juice 1.35 (0.96-1.91) 1.03 (0.72-1.49) 1.20 (0.79-1.83) 0.61 Carrots with juice 1.13 (0.80-1.58) 0.70 (0.50-0.99) 0.77 (0.58-1.02) 0.05 Carrot-raw or cooked 1.18 (0.84-1.65) 0.70 (0.49-0.99) 0.80 (0.56-1.15) 0.05 Carrot juice 1.08 (0.84-1.64) 0.87 (0.58-1.29) 0.79 (0.58-1.10) 0.03 Spinach 1.19 (0.84-1.67) 1.02 (0.73-1.44) 0.94 (0.66-1.34) 0.64 Tomatoes 0.82 (0.57-1.16) 1.23 (0.85-1.77) 0.82 (0.55-1.24) 0.77 Tomato Juice 1.18 (0.73-1.90) 1.20 (0.72-1.99) 0.94 (0.57-1.55) 0.78 Broccoli 0.94 (0.67-1.31) 0.90 (0.61-1.26) 0.86 (0.61-1.22) 0.39 Pumpkin 0.93 (0.55-1.53) 0.99 (0.71-1.38) 1.09 (0.77-1.55) 0.75 All fruits with juice 1.00 (0.71-1.40) 1.10 (0.78-1.56) 0.86 (0.60-1.25) 0.65 Papaya 1.42 (0.99-2.02) 1.07 (0.73-1.56) 1.19 (0.80-1.78) 0.28 Oranges 1.00 (0.72-1.39) 1.21 (0.87-1.69) 1.25 (0.90-1.74) 0.12 Tangerines 1.52 (1.05-2.19) 1.02 (0.71-1.46) 1.33 (0.94-1.86) 0.12 NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by unconditional logistic regression. Quartile cut points for specific foods were as follows: all vegetables, 253.9, 388.0, and 560.6 g; total carrot, 9.2, 18.4, and 36.8 g; carrot, 9.0, 18.0, and 36.0 g; carrot juice, 0, 0.21, and 0.53 g; spinach, 0.7, 5.0, and 14.5 g; tomatoes, 26.5, 46.8, and 77.6 g; tomato juice, 0, 9.9, and 33.9 g; broccoli, 8.3, 20.1, and 35.1 g; pumpkin, 0, 2.5, and 6.3 g; all fruits, 177.5, 218.0, and 359.6 g; papaya, 0, 5.7, and 22.3 g; orange, 4.3, 11.1, and 46.3 g; tangerine, 0, 7.0, and 14.0 g.
↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.
- Table 4.
ORs (95% CI s) for the association of quartiles of selected total antioxidant intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999
Q2 vs Q1 Q3 vs Q1 Q4 vs Q1 P for trend* All women Vitamin C (mg) 0.98 (0.69-1.38) 0.75 (0.52-1.08) 0.89 (0.62-1.26) 0.65 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.12 (0.78-1.60) 0.93 (0.64-1.37) 0.80 (0.56-1.16) 0.10 Selenium (mg) 1.18 (0.81-1.71) 1.22 (0.80-1.87) 0.98 (0.58-1.66) 0.66 Premenopausal women (n = 217 cases and 256 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 0.97 (0.56-1.69) 0.52 (0.29-0.91) 0.89 (0.50-1.59) 0.83 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.00 (0.57-1.76) 0.93 (0.50-1.71) 0.83 (0.42-1.66) 0.57 Selenium (mg) 1.12 (0.56-2.23) 1.18 (0.56-2.49) 1.05 (0.42-2.62) 0.94 Postmenopausal women (n = 341 cases and 351 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 1.05 (0.66-1.66) 0.99 (0.60-1.62) 0.91 (0.57-1.46) 0.55 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.31 (0.81-2.21) 1.01 (0.61-1.67) 0.99 (0.50-1.24) 0.06 Selenium (mg) 1.26 (0.80-1.98) 1.34 (0.78-2.32) 0.59 (0.36-0.97) 0.05 Mucinous tumors (n = 109 cases and 607 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 0.67 (0.38-1.19) 0.41 (0.22-0.76) 0.50 (0.26-0.95) 0.09 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 0.94 (0.53-1.67) 0.53 (0.27-1.06) 0.39 (0.19-0.81) 0.02 Selenium (mg) 1.86 (0.93-3.71) 1.77 (0.79-3.93) 0.78 (0.27-2.21) 0.18 Nonmucinous tumors (n = 449 cases and 607 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 1.11 (0.76-1.61) 0.90 (0.61-1.32) 1.03 (0.71-1.51) 0.95 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.18 (0.80-1.73) 1.08 (0.72-1.61) 0.94 (0.64-1.39) 0.34 Selenium (mg) 1.06 (0.72-1.57) 1.12 (0.72-1.76) 1.03 (0.60-1.80) 0.98 Smokers (n = 207 cases and 240 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 1.23 (0.69-2.21) 0.45 (0.24-0.84) 0.69 (0.40-1.19) 0.17 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.32 (0.72-2.45) 0.60 (0.31-1.15) 0.75 (0.40-1.38) 0.34 Selenium (mg) 1.38 (0.70-2.51) 1.12 (0.55-2.26) 0.69 (0.29-1.68) 0.17 Nonsmokers (n = 351 cases and 367 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 0.87 (0.56-1.35) 0.90 (0.57-1.43) 1.00 (0.62-1.61) 0.72 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.15 (0.61-2.17) 0.78 (0.39-1.56) 0.73 (0.38-1.41) 0.23 Selenium (mg) 1.11 (0.70-1.76) 1.27 (0.74-2.20) 1.19 (0.61-2.32) 0.67 Drinkers (n = 203 cases and 238 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 0.89 (0.49-1.60) 0.54 (0.29-1.02) 0.69 (0.39-1.24) 0.34 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.09 (0.59-2.01) 0.84 (0.45-1.56) 1.07 (0.56-2.05) 0.86 Selenium (mg) 0.98 (0.51-1.86) 1.05 (0.50-2.21) 0.72 (0.30-1.72) 0.33 Nondrinkers (n = 354 cases and 369 controls) Vitamin C (mg) 0.98 (0.64-1.52) 0.84 (0.54-1.32) 0.99 (0.62-1.57) 0.93 Vitamin E (total α-E mg) 1.01 (0.65-1.59) 0.97 (0.61-1.55) 0.80 (0.51-1.27) 0.26 Selenium (mg) 1.34 (0.84-2.13) 1.33 (0.78-2.27) 1.18 (0.60-2.35) 0.87 NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by polytomous logistic regression (histologic type) or unconditional logistic regression (all other variables). Quartile/tertile cut points for antioxidants were as follows: vitamin C, 149.1, 252.4, and 555.3 mg; vitamin E, 10.5, 19.9, and 52.1 mg; selenium, 81.4, 109.9, and 146.3 mg. Total antioxidant intake includes both food and supplement sources.
↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.
Volume 14, Issue 3
