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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Association of Dietary Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Other Antioxidants with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer

Ko-Hui Tung, Lynne R. Wilkens, Anna H. Wu, Katharine McDuffie, Jean H. Hankin, Abraham M.Y. Nomura, Laurence N. Kolonel and Marc T. Goodman
Ko-Hui Tung
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Lynne R. Wilkens
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Anna H. Wu
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Katharine McDuffie
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Jean H. Hankin
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Abraham M.Y. Nomura
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Laurence N. Kolonel
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Marc T. Goodman
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DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0550 Published March 2005
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

  • Table 1.

    ORs and 95% CIs for the association of selective nondietary variables with the risk of ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999

    VariableCases (n = 558), n (%)Controls (n = 607), n (%)OR* (95% CI)P for trend†
    Center
        Hawaii200 (35.8)283 (46.6)
        Los Angeles358 (64.2)324 (53.4)
    Age (y)‡
        <45130 (23.3)149 (24.5)
        45-54160 (28.7)171 (28.2)
        55-64117 (21.0)98 (16.1)
        ≥65151 (27.1)189 (31.1)
    Ethnicity‡
        Caucasian258 (46.2)266 (43.8)
        Asian206 (37.2)254 (41.8)
        Other94 (16.6)87 (14.3)
    Education (y)
        <13189 (33.9)163 (26.8)1§ (—)
        13-14194 (34.8)214 (35.2)0.75 (0.55-1.02)
        15113 (20.2)150 (24.7)0.63 (0.41-0.96)
        ≥1662 (11.1)80 (13.2)0.59 (0.41-0.83)0.002
    No. full term pregnancies
        0159 (28.5)107 (17.6)1§ (—)
        177 (13.8)90 (14.8)0.60 (0.41-0.89)
        2139 (24.9)179 (29.5)0.60 (0.42-0.84)
        ≥3183 (32.8)231 (38.1)0.53 (0.37-0.75)0.002
    Oral contraceptive pill use (y)
        0320 (57.3)269 (44.3)1§ (—)
        0.1-1.893 (16.7)99 (16.3)0.74 (0.51-1.08)
        1.9-5.382 (14.7)110 (18.1)0.61 (0.42-0.88)
        ≥5.463 (11.3)129 (21.2)0.36 (0.24-0.54)<0.0001
    History of tubal ligation
        No490 (87.8)487 (80.2)1§ (—)
        Yes68 (12.2)120 (19.8)0.70 (0.50-0.99)
    Menopausal status
        Premenopausal217 (38.9)256 (42.2)1§ (—)
        Postmenopausal341 (61.1)351 (57.8)1.36 (0.93-1.99)
    Drinking status
        Nondrinker354 (63.6)369 (60.8)1§ (—)
        Drinker203 (36.4)238 (39.2)0.88 (0.67-1.66)
        Former drinker104 (18.6)95 (15.6)1.16 (0.82-1.64)
        Current drinker99 (17.7)143 (23.6)0.69 (0.50-0.96)
    Smoking status
        Nonsmoker351 (62.9)367 (60.5)1§ (—)
        Smoker207 (37.1)240 (39.5)0.92 (0.72-1.19)
        Former smoker143 (18.6)161 (15.6)0.96 (0.72-1.27)
        Current smoker64 (17.7)79 (23.6)0.86 (0.59-1.25)
    Vitamin/mineral supplement use
        None210 (37.6)151 (24.9)
        Multivitamin279 (50.0)387 (63.8)
        Vitamin A or β-carotene68 (12.2)79 (13.0)
        Vitamin C180 (32.2)212 (34.9)
        Vitamin E151 (27.1)193 (31.8)
    • ↵* After adjustment by unconditional multiple logistic regression for age, ethnicity, study center, education, oral contraceptive pill use, parity, and tubal ligation (where appropriate).

    • ↵† Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.

    • ↵‡ Cases and controls were frequency matched on these variables.

    • ↵§ Reference category.

  • Table 2.

    ORs (95% CIs) for the association of quartiles of total vitamin A and carotenoid intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999

    Q2 vs Q1Q3 vs Q1Q4 vs Q1P for trend*
    All women (n = 558 cases and 607 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.78 (0.55-1.10)0.66 (0.46-0.95)0.61 (0.42-0.89)0.02
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only1.04 (0.73-1.47)0.75 (0.52-1.08)0.72 (0.49-1.07)0.05
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.09 (0.77-1.54)0.66 (0.46-0.96)0.78 (0.52-1.17)0.11
        α-Carotene (μg)1.19 (0.85-1.68)0.73 (0.52-1.04)0.81 (0.56-1.17)0.08
        β-Carotene (μg)†0.98 (0.70-1.39)0.70 (0.49-1.00)0.66 (0.45-0.97)0.02
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.26 (0.89-1.78)0.78 (0.55-1.12)0.82 (0.56-1.21)0.11
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.20 (0.85-1.68)1.18 (0.84-1.67)1.33 (0.93-1.91)0.14
        Lycopene (μg)0.93 (0.65-1.31)0.96 (0.66-1.39)0.97 (0.65-1.44)0.91
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.27 (0.89-1.80)1.06 (0.73-1.53)0.84 (0.57-1.26)0.31
    Premenopausal women (n = 217 cases and 256 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.70 (0.39-1.25)0.52 (0.29-0.93)0.49 (0.26-0.92)0.04
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only1.28 (0.72-2.27)0.73 (0.49-1.33)0.71 (0.38-1.35)0.150.15
        All carotenoids (μg)†0.96 (0.54-1.70)0.56 (0.30-1.92)0.65 (0.33-1.27)0.15
        α-Carotene (μg)1.58 (0.89-2.80)0.60 (0.33-1.10)0.70 (0.38-1.29)0.06
        β-Carotene (μg)†1.27 (0.73-2.21)0.73 (0.41-1.31)0.61 (0.33-1.14)0.04
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.54 (0.88-2.72)0.70 (0.39-1.26)0.70 (0.37-1.31)0.10
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)0.81 (0.48-1.38)0.58 (0.33-1.00)0.79 (0.43-1.44)0.20
        Lycopene (μg)1.01 (0.55-1.85)0.95 (0.50-1.81)1.04 (0.52-2.07)0.84
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)0.98 (0.55-1.75)1.04 (0.56-1.94)0.60 (0.31-1.16)0.15
    Postmenopausal women (n = 341 cases and 351 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.77 (0.49-1.21)0.70 (0.43-1.12)0.60 (0.36-0.99)0.06
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only0.84 (0.53-1.32)0.70 (0.43-1.24)0.62 (0.36-1.05)0.060.06
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.13 (0.72-1.78)0.66 (0.41-1.07)0.76 (0.45-1.28)0.16
        α-Carotene (μg)0.96 (0.62-1.50)0.78 (0.50-1.22)0.81 (0.50-1.31)0.29
        β-Carotene (μg)†0.78 (0.49-1.23)0.62 (0.38-0.99)0.59 (0.36-0.97)0.05
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.01 (0.64-1.59)0.79 (0.40-1.26)0.75 (0.45-1.25)0.17
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.64 (1.03-2.60)1.98 (1.24-3.17)1.90 (1.17-3.07)0.007
        Lycopene (μg)0.91 (0.59-1.42)1.46 (0.66-1.69)0.90 (0.54-1.50)0.80
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.43 (0.90-2.25)0.97 (0.60-1.56)0.89 (0.52-1.50)0.45
    Mucinous tumors (n = 109 cases and 607 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.55 (0.31-0.99)0.34 (0.18-0.65)0.49 (0.26-0.93)0.06
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only0.73 (0.40-1.32)0.50 (0.26-0.95)0.53 (0.27-1.06)0.04
        All carotenoids (μg)†0.84 (0.46-1.52)0.57 (0.30-1.07)0.52 (0.25-1.07)0.07
        α-Carotene (μg)1.02 (0.57-1.82)0.58 (0.31-1.09)0.70 (0.37-1.34)0.13
        β-Carotene (μg)†0.68 (0.38-1.22)0.52 (0.28-0.97)0.43 (0.22-0.86)0.02
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only0.80 (0.44-1.44)0.64 (0.35-1.18)0.48 (0.24-0.95)0.01
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.05 (0.59-1.88)0.91 (0.50-1.66)0.82 (0.43-1.57)0.50
        Lycopene (μg)1.39 (0.76-2.55)0.89 (0.44-1.78)1.15 (0.55-2.38)0.99
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.05 (0.58-1.90)0.85 (0.45-1.62)0.53 (0.26-1.10)0.08
    Nonmucinous tumors (n = 449 cases and 607 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.87 (0.60-1.25)0.78 (0.53-1.13)0.65 (0.44-0.98)0.04
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only1.15 (0.79-1.66)0.84 (0.57-1.24)0.79 (0.52-1.20)0.13
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.17 (0.81-1.69)0.70 (0.47-1.03)0.86 (0.56-1.31)0.25
        α-Carotene (μg)1.25 (0.87-1.80)0.79 (0.54-1.14)0.85 (0.58-1.25)0.16
        β-Carotene (μg)†1.09 (0.76-1.57)0.76 (0.52-1.12)0.74 (0.49-1.10)0.05
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.43 (0.99-2.06)0.83 (0.56-1.21)0.94 (0.62-1.42)0.29
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.24 (0.86-1.78)1.27 (0.88-1.83)1.49 (1.02-2.19)0.05
        Lycopene (μg)0.83 (0.57-1.20)0.98 (0.67-1.45)0.94 (0.62-1.43)0.93
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.33 (0.92-1.93)1.13 (0.76-1.67)0.94 (0.61-1.43)0.63
    Smokers (n = 207 cases and 240 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.69 (0.38-1.24)0.59 (0.33-1.05)0.36 (0.19-0.66)0.001
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only0.95 (0.53-1.70)0.82 (0.45-1.47)0.51 (0.57-0.95)0.03
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.07 (0.59-1.92)0.64 (0.36-1.15)0.42 (0.22-0.78)0.002
        α-Carotene (μg)1.36 (0.78-2.36)0.78 (0.44-1.38)0.74 (0.42-1.31)0.17
        β-Carotene (μg)†0.98 (0.56-1.73)0.78 (0.43-1.41)0.37 (0.20-0.68)0.0003
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.18 (0.67-2.10)0.75 (0.42-1.34)0.55 (0.30-1.01)0.03
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)0.85 (0.50-1.43)1.00 (0.56-1.77)0.79 (0.44-1.43)0.55
        Lycopene (μg)1.18 (0.64-2.16)1.03 (0.56-1.90)0.84 (0.43-1.63)0.49
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.56 (0.85-2.84)0.81 (0.43-1.54)0.71 (0.37-1.03)0.10
    Nonsmokers (n = 351 cases and 367 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.82 (0.53-1.28)0.69 (0.43-1.09)0.80 (0.48-1.31)0.48
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only1.11 (0.71-1.73)0.71 (0.44-1.15)0.87 (0.52-1.48)0.33
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.15 (0.74-1.79)0.69 (0.43-1.12)1.19 (0.70-2.04)0.63
        α-Carotene (μg)1.09 (0.70-1.71)0.68 (0.43-1.07)0.81 (0.51-1.28)0.27
        β-Carotene (μg)†1.04 (0.67-1.60)0.68 (0.43-1.08)0.94 (0.57-1.55)0.76
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.35 (0.87-2.10)0.82 (0.51-1.30)1.03 (0.61-1.73)0.63
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.53 (0.97-2.40)1.35 (0.86-2.11)1.83 (1.13-2.95)0.02
        Lycopene (μg)0.83 (0.54-1.27)0.95 (0.59-1.52)1.09 (0.65-1.82)0.71
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.14 (0.73-1.76)1.28 (0.81-2.02)0.93 (0.55-1.57)0.97
    Drinkers (n = 203 cases and 238 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.90 (0.49-1.63)0.83 (0.45-1.55)0.86 (0.45-1.65)0.70
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only1.13 (0.63-2.03)0.90 (0.49-1.65)1.04 (0.54-2.00)0.94
        All carotenoids (μg)†1.52 (0.83-2.77)0.61 (0.32-1.14)1.05 (0.55-1.99)0.79
        α-Carotene (μg)1.38 (0.78-2.44)0.74 (0.42-1.32)0.94 (0.51-1.64)0.42
        β-Carotene (μg)†1.10 (0.62-1.95)0.79 (0.43-1.46)0.89 (0.48-1.63)0.58
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.47 (0.83-2.63)0.94 (0.51-1.72)1.09 (0.58-2.06)0.88
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.38 (0.81-2.35)1.63 (0.92-2.88)0.88 (0.47-1.63)0.91
        Lycopene (μg)1.15 (0.62-2.12)1.15 (0.62-2.14)0.91 (0.48-1.74)0.72
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.54 (0.83-2.85)1.04 (0.55-1.95)1.55 (0.79-3.06)0.39
    Nondrinkers (n = 354 cases and 369 controls)
        Vitamin A (IU)†0.68 (0.44-1.05)0.59 (0.38-0.92)0.47 (0.29-0.76)0.004
        Vitamin A (IU)-food sources only0.93 (0.60-1.44)0.63 (0.39-1.00)0.53 (0.31-0.88)0.006
        All carotenoids (μg)†0.91 (0.59-1.40)0.67 (0.42-1.06)0.61 (0.36-1.05)0.05
        α-Carotene (μg)1.06 (0.69-1.63)0.67 (0.42-1.06)0.70 (0.43-1.14)0.06
        β-Carotene (μg)†0.90 (0.58-1.40)0.62 (0.39-0.97)0.51 (0.31-0.84)0.004
        β-Carotene (μg)-food sources only1.12 (0.72-1.74)0.66 (0.42-1.05)0.64 (0.38-1.05)0.03
        β-Cryptoxanthin (μg)1.06 (0.68-1.67)0.98 (0.63-1.53)1.51 (0.95-2.39)0.11
        Lycopene (μg)0.85 (0.55-1.32)0.86 (0.54-1.38)1.02 (0.60-1.73)0.98
        Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg)1.15 (0.75-1.78)1.10 (0.69-1.75)0.58 (0.34-0.97)0.06
    • NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by polytomous logistic regression (histologic type) or unconditional logistic regression (all other variables). Quartile cut points for vitamin A and carotenoids were as follows: vitamin A (total), 9,230, 14,366, and 23,148 IU; vitamin A (food sources), 7,433, 11,444, and 18,703 IU; total carotenoids, 7,887, 12,470, and 19,597 μg; α-carotene, 470, 898, and 1,703 μg; β-carotene (total), 3,016, 5,070, and 8,252 μg; β-carotene (food sources), 2,880, 4,722, and 7,575 μg; β-cryptoxanthin, 55.2, 137.6, and 322.5 μg; lycopene, 1,542, 2,636, and 4,659 μg; lutein/zeaxanthin, 1,711, 2,707, and 4,182 μg.

    • ↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.

    • ↵† Includes both food and supplement sources.

  • Table 3.

    ORs (95% CIs) for the association of quartiles of carotenoid-rich food intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999

    Q2 vs Q1Q3 vs Q1Q4 vs Q1P for trend*
    All vegetables with juice1.35 (0.96-1.91)1.03 (0.72-1.49)1.20 (0.79-1.83)0.61
        Carrots with juice1.13 (0.80-1.58)0.70 (0.50-0.99)0.77 (0.58-1.02)0.05
            Carrot-raw or cooked1.18 (0.84-1.65)0.70 (0.49-0.99)0.80 (0.56-1.15)0.05
            Carrot juice1.08 (0.84-1.64)0.87 (0.58-1.29)0.79 (0.58-1.10)0.03
        Spinach1.19 (0.84-1.67)1.02 (0.73-1.44)0.94 (0.66-1.34)0.64
        Tomatoes0.82 (0.57-1.16)1.23 (0.85-1.77)0.82 (0.55-1.24)0.77
        Tomato Juice1.18 (0.73-1.90)1.20 (0.72-1.99)0.94 (0.57-1.55)0.78
        Broccoli0.94 (0.67-1.31)0.90 (0.61-1.26)0.86 (0.61-1.22)0.39
        Pumpkin0.93 (0.55-1.53)0.99 (0.71-1.38)1.09 (0.77-1.55)0.75
    All fruits with juice1.00 (0.71-1.40)1.10 (0.78-1.56)0.86 (0.60-1.25)0.65
        Papaya1.42 (0.99-2.02)1.07 (0.73-1.56)1.19 (0.80-1.78)0.28
        Oranges1.00 (0.72-1.39)1.21 (0.87-1.69)1.25 (0.90-1.74)0.12
        Tangerines1.52 (1.05-2.19)1.02 (0.71-1.46)1.33 (0.94-1.86)0.12
    • NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by unconditional logistic regression. Quartile cut points for specific foods were as follows: all vegetables, 253.9, 388.0, and 560.6 g; total carrot, 9.2, 18.4, and 36.8 g; carrot, 9.0, 18.0, and 36.0 g; carrot juice, 0, 0.21, and 0.53 g; spinach, 0.7, 5.0, and 14.5 g; tomatoes, 26.5, 46.8, and 77.6 g; tomato juice, 0, 9.9, and 33.9 g; broccoli, 8.3, 20.1, and 35.1 g; pumpkin, 0, 2.5, and 6.3 g; all fruits, 177.5, 218.0, and 359.6 g; papaya, 0, 5.7, and 22.3 g; orange, 4.3, 11.1, and 46.3 g; tangerine, 0, 7.0, and 14.0 g.

    • ↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.

  • Table 4.

    ORs (95% CI s) for the association of quartiles of selected total antioxidant intake with ovarian cancer, Hawaii and Los Angeles, 1993-1999

    Q2 vs Q1Q3 vs Q1Q4 vs Q1P for trend*
    All women
        Vitamin C (mg)0.98 (0.69-1.38)0.75 (0.52-1.08)0.89 (0.62-1.26)0.65
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.12 (0.78-1.60)0.93 (0.64-1.37)0.80 (0.56-1.16)0.10
        Selenium (mg)1.18 (0.81-1.71)1.22 (0.80-1.87)0.98 (0.58-1.66)0.66
    Premenopausal women (n = 217 cases and 256 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)0.97 (0.56-1.69)0.52 (0.29-0.91)0.89 (0.50-1.59)0.83
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.00 (0.57-1.76)0.93 (0.50-1.71)0.83 (0.42-1.66)0.57
        Selenium (mg)1.12 (0.56-2.23)1.18 (0.56-2.49)1.05 (0.42-2.62)0.94
    Postmenopausal women (n = 341 cases and 351 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)1.05 (0.66-1.66)0.99 (0.60-1.62)0.91 (0.57-1.46)0.55
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.31 (0.81-2.21)1.01 (0.61-1.67)0.99 (0.50-1.24)0.06
        Selenium (mg)1.26 (0.80-1.98)1.34 (0.78-2.32)0.59 (0.36-0.97)0.05
    Mucinous tumors (n = 109 cases and 607 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)0.67 (0.38-1.19)0.41 (0.22-0.76)0.50 (0.26-0.95)0.09
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)0.94 (0.53-1.67)0.53 (0.27-1.06)0.39 (0.19-0.81)0.02
        Selenium (mg)1.86 (0.93-3.71)1.77 (0.79-3.93)0.78 (0.27-2.21)0.18
    Nonmucinous tumors (n = 449 cases and 607 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)1.11 (0.76-1.61)0.90 (0.61-1.32)1.03 (0.71-1.51)0.95
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.18 (0.80-1.73)1.08 (0.72-1.61)0.94 (0.64-1.39)0.34
        Selenium (mg)1.06 (0.72-1.57)1.12 (0.72-1.76)1.03 (0.60-1.80)0.98
    Smokers (n = 207 cases and 240 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)1.23 (0.69-2.21)0.45 (0.24-0.84)0.69 (0.40-1.19)0.17
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.32 (0.72-2.45)0.60 (0.31-1.15)0.75 (0.40-1.38)0.34
        Selenium (mg)1.38 (0.70-2.51)1.12 (0.55-2.26)0.69 (0.29-1.68)0.17
    Nonsmokers (n = 351 cases and 367 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)0.87 (0.56-1.35)0.90 (0.57-1.43)1.00 (0.62-1.61)0.72
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.15 (0.61-2.17)0.78 (0.39-1.56)0.73 (0.38-1.41)0.23
        Selenium (mg)1.11 (0.70-1.76)1.27 (0.74-2.20)1.19 (0.61-2.32)0.67
    Drinkers (n = 203 cases and 238 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)0.89 (0.49-1.60)0.54 (0.29-1.02)0.69 (0.39-1.24)0.34
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.09 (0.59-2.01)0.84 (0.45-1.56)1.07 (0.56-2.05)0.86
        Selenium (mg)0.98 (0.51-1.86)1.05 (0.50-2.21)0.72 (0.30-1.72)0.33
    Nondrinkers (n = 354 cases and 369 controls)
        Vitamin C (mg)0.98 (0.64-1.52)0.84 (0.54-1.32)0.99 (0.62-1.57)0.93
        Vitamin E (total α-E mg)1.01 (0.65-1.59)0.97 (0.61-1.55)0.80 (0.51-1.27)0.26
        Selenium (mg)1.34 (0.84-2.13)1.33 (0.78-2.27)1.18 (0.60-2.35)0.87
    • NOTE: ORs after adjustment for age, ethnicity, study site, education, oral contraceptive pill use, pregnancy status, tubal ligation, and energy intake by polytomous logistic regression (histologic type) or unconditional logistic regression (all other variables). Quartile/tertile cut points for antioxidants were as follows: vitamin C, 149.1, 252.4, and 555.3 mg; vitamin E, 10.5, 19.9, and 52.1 mg; selenium, 81.4, 109.9, and 146.3 mg. Total antioxidant intake includes both food and supplement sources.

    • ↵* Based on the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without a trend variable that was assigned the median for the categories.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 14 (3)
March 2005
Volume 14, Issue 3
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Association of Dietary Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Other Antioxidants with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Ko-Hui Tung, Lynne R. Wilkens, Anna H. Wu, Katharine McDuffie, Jean H. Hankin, Abraham M.Y. Nomura, Laurence N. Kolonel and Marc T. Goodman
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev March 1 2005 (14) (3) 669-676; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0550

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Association of Dietary Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Other Antioxidants with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Ko-Hui Tung, Lynne R. Wilkens, Anna H. Wu, Katharine McDuffie, Jean H. Hankin, Abraham M.Y. Nomura, Laurence N. Kolonel and Marc T. Goodman
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev March 1 2005 (14) (3) 669-676; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0550
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