Introduction
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) play an important role in the proliferation and apoptosis of several cell types and may therefore be associated with the risk of malignant transformation (1). IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is the most common binding protein for IGF-I in serum. High levels of IGFBP-3 are associated with reduced IGF-I levels and thereby influence cell proliferation by modulating access of IGFs to the IGF receptors. In healthy women, alcohol consumption was found to suppress IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels, and the use of oral contraceptives reduced IGF-I levels and increased IGFBP-3 levels (2). There is increasing evidence from prospective cohort as well as case-control studies that increased serum IGF-I levels are associated with an increased breast cancer risk among premenopausal women (3). Serum IGFBP-3 levels have not consistently been found to be related to breast cancer risk.
Recently, an A → C polymorphism in the IGFBP-3 promoter region was identified that is related to circulating IGFBP-3 levels (4). The AA genotype was associated with higher circulating IGFBP-3 levels than the AC or CC genotype in men and in premenopausal women (4, 2). The genotype-phenotype correlation was modified by body mass index and height (4). Further, it has been shown in in vitro tests that the A allele has higher promoter activity than the C allele (4).
Hypothesis. We hypothesized that the C allele of IGFBP-3 polymorphism leading to decreased serum IGFBP-3 levels and thereby increased serum IGF-I levels would be associated with increased breast cancer risk. We used a case-control study to examine this IGFBP-3 polymorphism as a potential risk factor for breast cancer risk in premenopausal Caucasian women. We also investigated whether other factors, such as alcohol consumption, use of oral contraceptives, and body size, modify the association.
Materials and Methods
Study Population
The population-based breast cancer case-control study in Germany (1992-1995) enrolled 603 breast cancer patients and 1,068 age-matched controls. All patients were ages <51 years at the time of diagnosis of incident in situ or invasive breast cancer. A group of 476 cases and 866 controls were premenopausal, and 34 cases and 65 controls were postmenopausal. The women who had undergone hysterectomy but not bilateral ovariectomy were considered to be of unknown menopausal status (93 cases and 137 controls; for details, see ref. 5). All participants provided a blood sample and completed a self-administered questionnaire eliciting information on known and suspected risk factors for breast cancer.
IGFBP-3 Sequence
We compared the IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism sequence referred previously to ref. 4 (accession no. M 35878) with sequences available from genome databases (AC 091524 and AX 323409) and three sequences from our own samples (DNA I-III, sequences obtained from GENterprise, Mainz, Germany). The multiple sequence alignment showed differences between the IGFBP-3 sequences: (a) At positions 40,449 and 40,448 of AC 091524 as well as on the same sections of DNA I to III, we found two cytosine bases missing on M 35878 and AX 323409. (b) At positions 40,344 and 40,239 of AC 091524 as well as on the equivalent positions of DNA I to III, we found one cytosine base each, which was not present on M 35878 and AX 323409. (c) At positions 40,253 and 40,252 of AC 091524, we found one guanine base followed by one cytosine base and the same was true for DNA I to III, whereas on M 35878 and AX 323409, the order was inverse (i.e., CG). The IGFBP-3 polymorphism analyzed is therefore in position −204 (not −202 as described in ref. 4) relative to the CAP site and at position −336 relative to the ATG start codon). Genotyping was done based on PCR followed by RFLP (4).
Statistical Analysis
We used the χ2 test to assess departures of the genotype distribution from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For the assessment of IGFBP-3 genotypes in association with breast cancer risk, we used multivariate logistic regression (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Women with AA genotype were taken as reference group. The analyses were stratified by age in 5-year intervals and adjusted for family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (yes, no), duration of breast-feeding (continuous), number of full-term pregnancies (1-2, >3), daily amount of alcohol (1-5, 6-11, 12-18, >19 g), use of oral contraceptives (yes, no), and menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, unknown).
Results
The A allele frequency was 0.48 in cases and 0.47 in controls, and the C allele was 0.52 in cases and 0.53 in controls. AC genotype was the most frequent genotype, being 49.0% in both cases and controls (Table 1). The genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no significant differences between cases and controls in the frequencies of the IGFBP-3 polymorphism alleles A and C and the genotypes AA, AC, and CC. Compared with the AA genotype, the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) was 0.99 (0.77-1.27) and 0.97 (0.73-1.29) associated with the AC and CC genotypes, respectively. Further adjustment for established risk factors did not alter these estimates. Point estimates differed somewhat by menopausal status; however, 95% CIs were wide. We also failed to detect any association between IGFBP-3 polymorphism and breast cancer risk in subgroups of women differentiated by alcohol consumption, use of oral contraceptives, and body mass index.
Genotype frequency of IGFBP-3−336 polymorphism in cases and controls
Conclusions
Using a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer by age 50 years, we were not able to find an association between IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Our study confirms the recent results of Schernhammer et al. (6), indicating that the A−336C IGFBP-3 polymorphism alone does not play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer.
Further work should consider that the circulating IGFBP-3 levels might be strongly influenced by exogenous factors (environmental factors or hormones) other than the genotype. Simultaneous consideration of variability at several polymorphic sites in both IGFBP-3 and IGF-I (2, 7) may also be necessary to gain more information about the associations of the IGF systems with breast cancer.
Footnotes
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Grant support: Deutsche Krebshilfe project 70492 (epidemiologic case-control study) and Verein zur Forderung der Krebsforschung in Deutschland e.V. (molecular biology work; A. Risch).
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Received February 19, 2004.
- Revision received May 28, 2004.
- Accepted June 18, 2004.
- American Association for Cancer Research
Volume 14, Issue 1
