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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention

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Research Articles

Effect of Exercise on Serum Androgens in Postmenopausal Women: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial

Anne McTiernan, Shelley S. Tworoger, Kumar B. Rajan, Yutaka Yasui, Bess Sorenson, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Jessica Chubak, Frank Z. Stanczyk, Deborah Bowen, Melinda L. Irwin, Rebecca E. Rudolph, John D. Potter and Robert S. Schwartz
Anne McTiernan
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Shelley S. Tworoger
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Kumar B. Rajan
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Yutaka Yasui
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Bess Sorenson
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Cornelia M. Ulrich
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Jessica Chubak
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Frank Z. Stanczyk
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Deborah Bowen
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Melinda L. Irwin
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Rebecca E. Rudolph
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John D. Potter
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Robert S. Schwartz
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DOI:  Published July 2004
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    Figure 1.

    Participant recruitment, screening, randomization, and retention.

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  • Table 1.

    Baseline characteristics* of randomized participants

    ExercisersControls
    n8786
    Age (y), mean ± SD60.7 ± 6.760.6 ± 6.8
    BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD30.4 ± 4.130.5 ± 3.7
    Percentage body fat (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), mean ± SD47.4 ± 4.847.3 ± 4.6
    VO2 max (mL/kg/min), mean ± SD20.0 ± 3.520.4 ± 3.0
    Alcohol (g/d), mean ± SD4.03 ± 8.44.62 ± 7.2
    Total calories (kcal/d), mean ± SD1635 ± 792.21722 ± 671.8
    Full-time employment, n (%)25 (29)25 (29)
    Education, n (%)
        High school graduate10 (12)9 (10)
        Some college36 (41)35 (41)
        College graduate5 (6)10 (12)
        Graduate degree36 (41)32 (37)
    Ethnicity, n (%)
        Non-Hispanic White74 (86)75 (87)
        African American4 (5)3 (4)
        Asian/Pacific Islander6 (7)3 (4)
        Hispanic/Latino0 (0)2 (2)
        American Indian0 (0)2 (2)
        Other2 (2)1 (1)
    Family history of breast cancer, n (%)
        None59 (68)58 (67)
        First degree14 (16)16 (19)
        Second degree13 (15)11 (13)
    Ever used hormone therapy, n (%)35 (48)38 (52)
    History of hysterectomy, n (%)13 (14.9)18 (20.9)
    • ↵* There were no statistically significant differences at baseline between intervention and control participants for these variables.

  • Table 2.

    Hormone concentrations [Geometric Mean (95% Confidence Interval)] at baseline and at 3 and 12 months in exercise intervention and control participants

    Baseline3 MonthsP*12 MonthsP†
    Androstenedione (pg/mL)
        Exercisers533 (494-575)480 (439-525)0.15480 (447-516)0.89
        Controls585 (541-633)566 (524-611)525 (489-564)
    DHEA (ng/mL)
        Exercisers2.19 (1.93-2.49)2.00 (1.73-2.30)0.211.93 (1.68-2.20)0.47
        Controls2.46 (2.22-2.72)2.39 (2.15-2.65)2.24 (2.03-2.47)
    DHEA-S (μg/dL)
        Exercisers53.0 (45.5-61.8)49.0 (41.9-57.3)0.5047.8 (41.2-55.5)0.57
        Controls63.1 (54.8-72.7)58.5 (50.6-67.6)58.5 (50.9-67.2)
    Testosterone (pg/mL)
        Exercisers211 (196-228)207 (191-224)0.95208 (190-227)0.94
        Controls223 (204-243)218 (201-238)218 (199-239)
    Free testosterone (pg/mL)
        Exercisers4.6 (4.2-4.9)4.3 (4.0-4.7)0.284.3 (3.9-4.7)0.42
        Controls4.7 (4.3-5.2)4.6 (4.3-5.1)4.6 (4.2-5.0)
    • ↵* Difference in hormone change from baseline to 3 months in exercisers versus controls resulting from repeated-measures analysis.

    • ↵† Difference in hormone change from baseline to 12 months in exercisers versus controls resulting from repeated-measures analysis.

  • Table 3.

    Hormone concentrations [Geometric Mean (95% Confidence Interval)] at baseline and at 3 and 12 months in exercise intervention and control participants by change in percentage body fat

    Exercisers
    Controls
    Baseline3 Months12 MonthsBaseline3 Months12 Months
    Androstenedione (pg/mL)
        Gained percentage body fat498 (432-573)505 (433-590)473 (410-546)601 (513-704)562 (479-659)538 (461-628)
        No change in percentage body fat526 (459-603)443 (345-570)551 (437-694)574 (473-696)527 (455-611)502 (434-582)
        Lost 0.5-2% body fat526 (460-602)489 (405-591)470 (424-521)595 (527-672)608 (530-697)526 (467-592)
        Lost >2% body fat558 (472-661)463 (398-540)463 (398-539)557 (471-659)554 (462-664)506 (441-580)
    DHEA (ng/mL)
        Gained percentage body fat1.59 (1.12-2.26)1.63 (1.13-2.34)1.46 (1.00-2.14)2.53 (2.08-3.09)2.50 (2.04-3.07)2.26 (1.89-2.72)
        No change in percentage body fat2.16 (1.75-2.67)1.84 (1.28-2.66)2.31 (1.63-3.29)2.54 (2.07-3.11)2.29 (1.89-2.77)2.27 (1.90-2.73)
        Lost 0.5-2% body fat2.26 (1.80-2.84)2.15 (1.62-2.85)1.99 (1.60-2.49)2.55 (2.14-3.04)2.50 (2.18-2.88)2.33 (1.97-2.75)
        Lost >2% body fat2.51 (2.02-3.12)2.18 (1.77-2.67)2.01 (1.63-2.50)1.83 (1.44-2.33)1.81 (1.27-2.57)1.68 (1.32-2.15)
    DHEA-S (μg/dL)
        Gained percentage body fat41.9 (29.5-59.5)42.7 (31.8-57.4)37.3 (25.9-53.7)69.4 (53.2-90.4)63.5 (48.3-83.6)63.0 (48.7-81.6)
        No change in percentage body fat52.1 (37.6-72.2)47.3 (29.9-74.8)52.4 (35.0-78.7)63.3 (48.1-83.1)54.5 (40.4-73.6)58.0 (43.6-77.2)
        Lost 0.5-2% body fat52.3 (39.3-69.6)48.1 (35.2-65.7)50.2 (40.2-62.6)64.3 (52.1-79.2)63.2 (50.2-77.0)58.1 (46.3-72.8)
        Lost >2% body fat62.5 (46.3-84.3)55.4 (42.4-72.3)48.9 (36.3-66.0)42.9 (26.6-69.3)43.4 (26.4-71.4)44.3 (28.8-68.2)
    Testosterone (pg/mL)
        Gained percentage body fat215 (184-260)233 (191-284)237 (187-300)236 (198-281)217 (182-257)223 (184-269)
        No change in percentage body fat224 (179-281)227 (189-273)234 (194-281)210 (170-260)214 (173-265)213 (168-271)
        Lost 0.5-2% body fat213 (187-243)210 (187-236; P = 0.024)*200 (175-229; P = 0.027)†215 (190-242)215 (195-237)209 (190-230)
        Lost >2% body fat199 (173-230)179 (154-207; P = 0.005)*183 (156-213; P = 0.023)†248 (196-315)244 (193-308)239 (192-298)
    Free testosterone (pg/mL)
        Gained percentage body fat4.8 (4.1-5.7)5.1 (4.2-6.2)5.2 (4.2-6.5)4.8 (3.9-5.8)4.5 (3.7-5.4)4.5 (3.7-5.5)
        No change in percentage body fat4.6 (3.6-6.0)4.4 (3.5-5.6; P = 0.065)*4.8 (3.9-5.9)4.6 (3.8-5.7)4.7 (3.7-5.8)4.7 (3.7-5.9)
        Lost 0.5-2% body fat4.8 (4.2-5.5)4.6 (4.0-5.2; P = 0.033)*4.3 (3.7-4.9; P = 0.010)†4.6 (4.1-5.1)4.6 (4.2-5.0)4.4 (4.0-5.0)
        Lost >2% body fat4.1 (3.6-4.7)3.6 (3.1-4.1; P = 0.010)*3.6 (3.1-4.2; P = 0.031)†5.4 (4.5-6.6)5.3 (4.3-6.5)5.0 (4.1-6.0)
    • NOTE: The numbers of exercisers who gained, no change, lost 0.5% to 2.0% body fat, and lost >2% body fat were 16, 12, 29, and 26, respectively; the numbers of controls who gained, no change, lost 0.5% to 2.0% body fat, and lost >2% body fat were 27, 20, 25, and 11, respectively.

    • ↵* P value for hormone change from baseline to 3 months in exercisers versus controls within level of percentage body fat change compared with those that gained percentage body fat. P values not presented were >0.05.

    • ↵† P value for hormone change from baseline to 12 months in exercisers versus controls within level of percentage body fat change compared with those that gained percentage body fat. P values not presented were >0.05.

  • Table 4.

    Hormone levels [Geometric Mean (95% Confidence Interval)] at baseline and 12 months in exercise intervention participants by change in fitness (VO2 max)

    Exercisers
    Baseline12 MonthsP*
    Androstenedione (pg/mL)
        Decrease or stable VO2 max†500 (413-604)418 (370-472)
        1-10% increase in VO2 max‡578 (494-676)542 (459-640)0.37
        >10% increase in VO2 max§520 (464-582)477 (428-531)0.39
    DHEA (ng/mL)
        Decrease or stable VO2 max1.54 (1.07-2.23)1.27 (0.88-1.83)
        1-10% increase in VO2 max2.54 (1.97-3.26)2.29 (1.68-3.12)0.45
        >10% increase in VO2 max2.26 (1.90-2.69)2.08 (1.75-2.47)0.22
    DHEA-S (μg/dL)
        Decrease or stable VO2 max41.3 (26.6-64.1)33.7 (22.1-51.2)
        1-10% increase in VO2 max61.1 (43.5-85.9)60.3 (45.7-79.6)0.13
        >10% increase in VO2 max56.5 (45.4-70.3)49.2 (39.9-60.6)0.39
    Testosterone (pg/mL)
        Decrease or stable VO2 max177 (151-207)167 (143-194)
        1-10% increase in VO2 max244 (213-280)252 (211-302)0.18
        >10% increase in VO2 max205 (181-232)197 (173-223)0.71
    Free testosterone (pg/mL)
        Decrease or stable VO2 max3.9 (3.3-4.6)3.6 (3.0-4.2)
        1-10% increase in VO2 max5.1 (4.3-6.0)5.0 (4.0-6.2)0.35
        >10% increase in VO2 max4.5 (4.0-5.0)4.1 (3.6-4.6)0.95
    • ↵* P value for difference in hormone change from baseline between VO2 max groups (referent is decrease or stable VO2 max group).

    • ↵† n = 14.

    • ↵‡ n = 20.

    • ↵§ n = 41.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 13 (7)
July 2004
Volume 13, Issue 7
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Effect of Exercise on Serum Androgens in Postmenopausal Women: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial
Anne McTiernan, Shelley S. Tworoger, Kumar B. Rajan, Yutaka Yasui, Bess Sorenson, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Jessica Chubak, Frank Z. Stanczyk, Deborah Bowen, Melinda L. Irwin, Rebecca E. Rudolph, John D. Potter and Robert S. Schwartz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2004 (13) (7) 1099-1105;

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Effect of Exercise on Serum Androgens in Postmenopausal Women: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial
Anne McTiernan, Shelley S. Tworoger, Kumar B. Rajan, Yutaka Yasui, Bess Sorenson, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Jessica Chubak, Frank Z. Stanczyk, Deborah Bowen, Melinda L. Irwin, Rebecca E. Rudolph, John D. Potter and Robert S. Schwartz
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2004 (13) (7) 1099-1105;
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