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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Mazda Jenab, Pietro Ferrari, Nadia Slimani, Teresa Norat, Corinne Casagrande, Kim Overad, Anja Olsen, Connie Stripp, Anne Tjønneland, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Emmanuelle Kesse, Alexandra Nieters, Manuela Bergmann, Heiner Boeing, Androniki Naska, Antonia Trichopoulou, Domenico Palli, Vittorio Krogh, Egidio Celentano, Rosario Tumino, Carlotta Sacerdote, Hendrik B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marga C. Ocké, Petra H.M. Peeters, Dagrun Engeset, José R. Quirós, Carlos A. González, Carmen Martínez, Maria D. Chirlaque, Eva Ardanaz, Miren Dorronsoro, Peter Wallström, Richard Palmqvist, Bethany Van Guelpen, Sheila Bingham, Miguel A. San Joaquin, Rodolfo Saracci, Rudolf Kaaks and Elio Riboli
Mazda Jenab
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Pietro Ferrari
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Nadia Slimani
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Teresa Norat
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Corinne Casagrande
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Kim Overad
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Anja Olsen
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Connie Stripp
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Anne Tjønneland
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Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
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Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
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Emmanuelle Kesse
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Alexandra Nieters
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Manuela Bergmann
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Heiner Boeing
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Androniki Naska
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Antonia Trichopoulou
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Domenico Palli
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Vittorio Krogh
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Egidio Celentano
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Rosario Tumino
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Carlotta Sacerdote
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Hendrik B. Bueno-de-Mesquita
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Marga C. Ocké
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Petra H.M. Peeters
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Dagrun Engeset
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José R. Quirós
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Carlos A. González
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Carmen Martínez
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Maria D. Chirlaque
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Eva Ardanaz
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Miren Dorronsoro
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Peter Wallström
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Richard Palmqvist
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Bethany Van Guelpen
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Sheila Bingham
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Miguel A. San Joaquin
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Rodolfo Saracci
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Rudolf Kaaks
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Elio Riboli
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DOI:  Published October 2004
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Abstract

A link between unsaturated fatty acids or phytonutrients and reduced risk of colorectal cancer has been suggested. However, the effects of higher intake of dietary sources of these nutrients, such as the nuts and seeds food group, are less clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nut and seed intake on colorectal cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a large prospective cohort study involving 10 European countries. Total nut and seed intake was determined from country-specific dietary questionnaires. The data set included 478,040 subjects (141,988 men, 336,052 women) with a total of 855 (327 men, 528 women) colon and 474 (215 men, 259 women) rectal cancer cases. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by center and controlled for fruit intake, dietary fiber, energy, height, weight, sex, age, physical activity, and smoking, was used. The data show no association between higher intake of nuts and seeds and risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers in men and women combined, but a significant inverse association was observed in subgroup analyses for colon cancer in women at the highest (>6.2 g/d) versus the lowest (nonconsumers; hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.95) category of intake and for the linear effect of log-transformed intake (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.98), with no associations in men. It is not evident from this data why there may be a stronger association in women or why it may be limited to the colon, suggesting that much further research is necessary.

Footnotes

  • Grant support: “Europe Against Cancer” Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Société 3M (France); Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Center; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; the participating regional governments and institutions of Spain; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council (United Kingdom); Stroke Association (United Kingdom); British Heart Foundation; Department of Health (United Kingdom); Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom); Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom); Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Ministry of Health; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Skane (Sweden); and Norwegian Cancer Society. The work reported in this article was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship from the IARC.

  • The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

    • Accepted May 6, 2004.
    • Received January 7, 2004.
    • Revision received May 3, 2004.
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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 13 (10)
October 2004
Volume 13, Issue 10
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Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Mazda Jenab, Pietro Ferrari, Nadia Slimani, Teresa Norat, Corinne Casagrande, Kim Overad, Anja Olsen, Connie Stripp, Anne Tjønneland, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Emmanuelle Kesse, Alexandra Nieters, Manuela Bergmann, Heiner Boeing, Androniki Naska, Antonia Trichopoulou, Domenico Palli, Vittorio Krogh, Egidio Celentano, Rosario Tumino, Carlotta Sacerdote, Hendrik B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marga C. Ocké, Petra H.M. Peeters, Dagrun Engeset, José R. Quirós, Carlos A. González, Carmen Martínez, Maria D. Chirlaque, Eva Ardanaz, Miren Dorronsoro, Peter Wallström, Richard Palmqvist, Bethany Van Guelpen, Sheila Bingham, Miguel A. San Joaquin, Rodolfo Saracci, Rudolf Kaaks and Elio Riboli
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev October 1 2004 (13) (10) 1595-1603;

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Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Mazda Jenab, Pietro Ferrari, Nadia Slimani, Teresa Norat, Corinne Casagrande, Kim Overad, Anja Olsen, Connie Stripp, Anne Tjønneland, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Emmanuelle Kesse, Alexandra Nieters, Manuela Bergmann, Heiner Boeing, Androniki Naska, Antonia Trichopoulou, Domenico Palli, Vittorio Krogh, Egidio Celentano, Rosario Tumino, Carlotta Sacerdote, Hendrik B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marga C. Ocké, Petra H.M. Peeters, Dagrun Engeset, José R. Quirós, Carlos A. González, Carmen Martínez, Maria D. Chirlaque, Eva Ardanaz, Miren Dorronsoro, Peter Wallström, Richard Palmqvist, Bethany Van Guelpen, Sheila Bingham, Miguel A. San Joaquin, Rodolfo Saracci, Rudolf Kaaks and Elio Riboli
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev October 1 2004 (13) (10) 1595-1603;
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