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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Associations between Smoking, Passive Smoking, GSTM-1, NAT2, and Rectal Cancer

Martha L. Slattery, Sandra Edwards, Karen Curtin, Donna Schaffer and Susan Neuhausen
Martha L. Slattery
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Sandra Edwards
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Karen Curtin
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Donna Schaffer
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Susan Neuhausen
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DOI:  Published September 2003
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

  • Table 1

    Description of study population

    MenWomen
    Cases n %Controls n %Cases n %Controls n %
    Age (yr)
     <4536 (6.4)43 (6.4)37 (9.4)42 (7.9)
     45–54112 (20.0)134 (19.9)85 (21.6)106 (19.9)
     55–64176 (31.5)193 (28.7)114 (29.0)156 (29.3)
     65–74162 (29.0)206 (30.6)103 (26.2)139 (26.1)
     75–7973 (13.1)97 (14.4)54 (13.7)89 (16.7)
    Education level
     <High school57 (10.2)76 (11.3)47 (12.0)51 (9.6)
     High school125 (22.4)126 (18.8)101 (25.7)144 (27.1)
     Some college278 (49.7)323 (48.1)195 (49.6)255 (47.9)
     College graduate +99 (17.7)147 (21.9)50 (12.7)82 (15.4)
    Cigarette smoker
     Never209 (37.6)297 (44.2)232 (59.2)328 (61.7)
     Stopped ≥5 yr229 (41.2)272 (40.5)93 (23.7)118 (22.2)
     Current (<5 yr)118 (21.2)103 (15.3)67 (17.1)86 (16.2)
    Cigar smoker
     Never505 (90.3)609 (90.6)392 (99.8)530 (99.6)
     Ever54 (9.7)64 (9.4)1 (0.2)2 (0.4)
    Pipe smoker
     Never499 (89.3)598 (88.9)393 (100)531 (99.8)
     Ever60 (10.7)75 (11.1)01 (0.2)
  • Table 2

    Associations between cigarette smoking and rectal cancer risk in men and women

    MenWomen
    Cases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)aCases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)
    Cigarette smoking
     Never2092971.02323281.0
     Former2292721.2 (0.9–1.6)931181.0 (0.7–1.5)
     Current (<5 yr)1181031.5 (1.1–2.1)67861.0 (0.7–1.5)
    Age started smoking
     Never2092971.02323281.0
     ≤16 yr1531661.2 (0.9–1.7)50561.1 (0.7–1.7)
     17–20 yr1371331.5 (1.1–2.0)65831.1 (0.7–1.6)
     >20 yr60771.1 (0.8–1.7)46651.0 (0.6–1.5)
    Years, Since stopping
     Never smoked2092971.02323281.0
     ≥15 yrs1702001.2 (0.9–1.6)66801.1 (0.7–1.6)
     5–14 yrs59721.1 (0.8–1.7)27381.0 (0.6–1.7)
     Current (<5 yr)1181031.5 (1.1–2.1)67861.0 (0.7–1.5)
    Pack-yearsb
     Never2112981.02333291.0
     ≤201321941.0 (0.7–1.3)731080.9 (0.6–1.3)
     >202151791.7 (1.3–2.3)83921.2 (0.8–1.7)
    Usual number cigarettes/day
     Never smoked2092981.02323281.0
     <202582761.3 (1.01–1.7)1301721.0 (0.7–1.4)
     ≥20921001.3 (0.9–1.8)30301.2 (0.7–2.2)
    • a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and body size.

    • b People who smoked <0.5 pack-years were classified as never having smoked, thus numbers across categories differ slightly.

  • Table 3

    Associations between passive smoking and rectal cancer in men and women

    MenWomen
    Cases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)aCases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)
    Passive smoking in the home (h/wk)
     Recent
      None4936141.03374621.0
      1–1017201.0 (0.5–2.0)17290.7 (0.4–1.4)
      >1047361.5 (1.0–2.4)37381.1 (0.7–1.9)
     10 years ago
      None4635831.03004181.0
      1–1031351.1 (0.6–1.7)28420.8 (0.5–1.4)
      >1061521.3 (0.9–2.0)60641.2 (0.8–1.8)
     20 years ago
      None4075251.02583691.0
      1–1042451.2 (0.8–1.9)40610.9 (0.6–1.4)
      >10101931.3 (0.9–1.8)86971.2 (0.8–1.7)
     Long-term average
      None3895011.02353421.0
      1–10851021.0 (0.7–1.4)78951.1 (0.8–1.6)
      >1075581.5 (1.0–2.2)68831.0 (0.7–1.6)
    Passive smoking outside the home (h/w)
     Recent
      None3164171.02583691.0
      1–101521791.1 (0.9–1.5)1031510.8 (0.6–1.1)
      >1077601.5 (1.0–2.2)27301.0 (0.6–1.8)
     10 years ago
      None2142891.01812431.0
      1–101852391.1 (0.8–1.4)1472020.9 (0.7–1.2)
      >101431281.4 (1.0–1.9)51690.9 (0.6–1.3)
     20 years ago
      None1351851.01381991.0
      1–101812521.0 (0.7–1.3)1542041.0 (0.8–1.4)
      >102252151.4 (1.0–1.8)891141.0 (0.7–1.5)
     Long-term average
      None1131541.01131441.0
      1–101482210.9 (0.6–1.2)1261800.9 (0.6–1.2)
      >102732701.3 (1.0–1.8)1381800.9 (0.6–1.2)
    Total passive smoke (h/wk)
     Recent
      None3033981.02423161.0
      1–101421671.2 (0.9–1.5)951370.8 (0.6–1.1)
      >1099901.3 (0.9–1.8)50610.9 (0.6–1.4)
     10 years ago
      None1942371.01602211.0
      1–101752281.1 (0.8–1.5)1301790.9 (0.6–1.2)
      >101701551.5 (1.1–2.0)871100.9 (0.6–1.3)
     20 years ago
      None1151651.01191711.0
      1–101652391.0 (0.7–1.4)1241701.0 (0.7–1.4)
      >102562441.5 (1.1–2.0)1351751.0 (0.7–1.4)
     Long-term average
      None931351.0921221.0
      1–103153931.2 (0.8–1.6)1972840.8 (0.6–1.2)
      >101221131.4 (1.0–2.1)83941.0 (0.6–1.5)
     Long-term average (10 and 20 yr ago)
      None951401.0991331.0
      1–102323111.1 (0.8–1.5)1602310.8 (0.6–1.2)
      >102051951.5 (1.04–2.1)1141420.9 (0.6–1.4)
    • a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol in take, usual cigarettes smoked/day (passive smoking only), and body size.

  • Table 4

    Associations between GSTM-1 and NAT2-imputed phenotype and rectal cancer in men and women

    MenWomen
    Cases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)aCases (n)Controls (n)OR (95% CI)
    GSTM-1
     Present2302791.01671881.0
     Null2432951.0 (0.8–1.3)1612510.7 (0.6–1.0)
    NAT2 (acetylator status)
     Slow2473061.01622141.0
     Rapid2042551.0 (0.8–1.3)1532150.9 (0.7–1.3)
    GSTM-1/NAT2 combined
     Present/slow1301481.083871.0
     Present/rapid891250.8 (0.6–12)77970.8 (0.5–1.2)
     Null/slow1171560.9 (0.6–1.2)771230.6 (0.4–1.0)
     Null/rapid1151271.0 (0.7–1.4)761170.7 (0.5–1.1)
    • a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, usual number of cigarettes smoked/day, and body size.

  • Table 5

    GSTM-1, NAT2-imputed phenotype, and cigarette smoking exposure and rectal cancer in men

    GST present n (cases/controls)GST null n (cases/controls)GST present OR (95% CI)aGST null OR (95% CI)
    Cigarette smoking status
     Never84/12388/1241.01.1 (0.7–1.6)
     Former106/11290/1281.5 (1.0–2.2)1.1 (0.7–1.6)
     Current (<5 yr)39/4463/431.3 (0.8–2.2)2.0 (1.2–3.3)
    Pack-years smoked
     None86/12388/1251.01.1 (0.7–1.6)
     ≤2056/7853/881.1 (0.7–1.7)0.9 (0.6–1.4)
     >2088/77101/811.8 (1.2–2.8)1.9 (1.2–2.9)
    Total long-term passive smoking (h/wk)
     None42/5939/541.01.0 (0.6–1.8)
     1–1095/126104/1391.0 (0.6–1.7)1.0 (0.6–1.6)
     >1082/8289/911.3 (0.8–2.1)1.3 (0.8–2.1)
    Slow acetylatorRapid acetylatorSlow acetylatorRapid acetylator
    Cigarette smoking status
     Never90/14374/1051.01.2 (0.8–1.8)
     Former112/12875/1051.5 (1.0–2.1)1.2 (0.8–1.8)
     Current (<5 yr)44/3553/452.0 (1.2–3.4)1.7 (1.0–2.8)
    Pack-years smoked
     None91/14475/1051.01.2 (0.8–1.8)
     ≤2057/7945/771.2 (0.7–1.8)0.9 (0.6–1.5)
     >2098/8284/722.1 (1.4–3.2)1.9 (1.2–3.0)
    Total long-term passive smoking (h/wk)
     None40/6538/481.01.3 (0.7–2.4)
     1–10100/14290/1191.1 (0.7–1.8)1.2 (0.7–1.9)
     >1098/8965/771.7 (1.0–2.8)1.3 (0.7–2.1)
    • a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, usual number of cigarettes smoked/day (for passive smoking), and body size.

  • Table 6

    Combined effect of GSTM-1 genotype and NAT2-imputed phenotype and cigarette smoking on rectal cancer risk in men

    GST present NAT2 slow n (case/control)GST present NAT2 rapid n (case/control)GST null NAT2 slow n (case/control)GST null NAT2 rapid n (case/control)
    Cigarette smoking status
     Never46/7233/4944/7041/54
     Former62/5740/5350/7135/51
     Current (<5 yr)22/1915/2322/1538/22
    OR (95% CI)aOR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
     Never1.01.2 (0.6–2.1)1.1 (0.6–1.8)1.3 (0.7–2.3)
     Former1.9 (1.1–3.2)1.3 (0.7–2.3)1.2 (0.7–3.0)1.1 (0.6–2.1)
     Current (<5 yr)1.9 (0.9–3.9)1.0 (0.5–2.2)2.3 (1.1–5.0)2.5 (1.3–4.8)
    • a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and body size.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 12 (9)
September 2003
Volume 12, Issue 9
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Associations between Smoking, Passive Smoking, GSTM-1, NAT2, and Rectal Cancer
Martha L. Slattery, Sandra Edwards, Karen Curtin, Donna Schaffer and Susan Neuhausen
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev September 1 2003 (12) (9) 882-889;

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Associations between Smoking, Passive Smoking, GSTM-1, NAT2, and Rectal Cancer
Martha L. Slattery, Sandra Edwards, Karen Curtin, Donna Schaffer and Susan Neuhausen
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev September 1 2003 (12) (9) 882-889;
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