Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Description of study population
Men Women Cases n % Controls n % Cases n % Controls n % Age (yr) <45 36 (6.4) 43 (6.4) 37 (9.4) 42 (7.9) 45–54 112 (20.0) 134 (19.9) 85 (21.6) 106 (19.9) 55–64 176 (31.5) 193 (28.7) 114 (29.0) 156 (29.3) 65–74 162 (29.0) 206 (30.6) 103 (26.2) 139 (26.1) 75–79 73 (13.1) 97 (14.4) 54 (13.7) 89 (16.7) Education level <High school 57 (10.2) 76 (11.3) 47 (12.0) 51 (9.6) High school 125 (22.4) 126 (18.8) 101 (25.7) 144 (27.1) Some college 278 (49.7) 323 (48.1) 195 (49.6) 255 (47.9) College graduate + 99 (17.7) 147 (21.9) 50 (12.7) 82 (15.4) Cigarette smoker Never 209 (37.6) 297 (44.2) 232 (59.2) 328 (61.7) Stopped ≥5 yr 229 (41.2) 272 (40.5) 93 (23.7) 118 (22.2) Current (<5 yr) 118 (21.2) 103 (15.3) 67 (17.1) 86 (16.2) Cigar smoker Never 505 (90.3) 609 (90.6) 392 (99.8) 530 (99.6) Ever 54 (9.7) 64 (9.4) 1 (0.2) 2 (0.4) Pipe smoker Never 499 (89.3) 598 (88.9) 393 (100) 531 (99.8) Ever 60 (10.7) 75 (11.1) 0 1 (0.2) - Table 2
Associations between cigarette smoking and rectal cancer risk in men and women
Men Women Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI)a Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI) Cigarette smoking Never 209 297 1.0 232 328 1.0 Former 229 272 1.2 (0.9–1.6) 93 118 1.0 (0.7–1.5) Current (<5 yr) 118 103 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 67 86 1.0 (0.7–1.5) Age started smoking Never 209 297 1.0 232 328 1.0 ≤16 yr 153 166 1.2 (0.9–1.7) 50 56 1.1 (0.7–1.7) 17–20 yr 137 133 1.5 (1.1–2.0) 65 83 1.1 (0.7–1.6) >20 yr 60 77 1.1 (0.8–1.7) 46 65 1.0 (0.6–1.5) Years, Since stopping Never smoked 209 297 1.0 232 328 1.0 ≥15 yrs 170 200 1.2 (0.9–1.6) 66 80 1.1 (0.7–1.6) 5–14 yrs 59 72 1.1 (0.8–1.7) 27 38 1.0 (0.6–1.7) Current (<5 yr) 118 103 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 67 86 1.0 (0.7–1.5) Pack-yearsb Never 211 298 1.0 233 329 1.0 ≤20 132 194 1.0 (0.7–1.3) 73 108 0.9 (0.6–1.3) >20 215 179 1.7 (1.3–2.3) 83 92 1.2 (0.8–1.7) Usual number cigarettes/day Never smoked 209 298 1.0 232 328 1.0 <20 258 276 1.3 (1.01–1.7) 130 172 1.0 (0.7–1.4) ≥20 92 100 1.3 (0.9–1.8) 30 30 1.2 (0.7–2.2) -
a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and body size.
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b People who smoked <0.5 pack-years were classified as never having smoked, thus numbers across categories differ slightly.
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- Table 3
Associations between passive smoking and rectal cancer in men and women
Men Women Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI)a Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI) Passive smoking in the home (h/wk) Recent None 493 614 1.0 337 462 1.0 1–10 17 20 1.0 (0.5–2.0) 17 29 0.7 (0.4–1.4) >10 47 36 1.5 (1.0–2.4) 37 38 1.1 (0.7–1.9) 10 years ago None 463 583 1.0 300 418 1.0 1–10 31 35 1.1 (0.6–1.7) 28 42 0.8 (0.5–1.4) >10 61 52 1.3 (0.9–2.0) 60 64 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 20 years ago None 407 525 1.0 258 369 1.0 1–10 42 45 1.2 (0.8–1.9) 40 61 0.9 (0.6–1.4) >10 101 93 1.3 (0.9–1.8) 86 97 1.2 (0.8–1.7) Long-term average None 389 501 1.0 235 342 1.0 1–10 85 102 1.0 (0.7–1.4) 78 95 1.1 (0.8–1.6) >10 75 58 1.5 (1.0–2.2) 68 83 1.0 (0.7–1.6) Passive smoking outside the home (h/w) Recent None 316 417 1.0 258 369 1.0 1–10 152 179 1.1 (0.9–1.5) 103 151 0.8 (0.6–1.1) >10 77 60 1.5 (1.0–2.2) 27 30 1.0 (0.6–1.8) 10 years ago None 214 289 1.0 181 243 1.0 1–10 185 239 1.1 (0.8–1.4) 147 202 0.9 (0.7–1.2) >10 143 128 1.4 (1.0–1.9) 51 69 0.9 (0.6–1.3) 20 years ago None 135 185 1.0 138 199 1.0 1–10 181 252 1.0 (0.7–1.3) 154 204 1.0 (0.8–1.4) >10 225 215 1.4 (1.0–1.8) 89 114 1.0 (0.7–1.5) Long-term average None 113 154 1.0 113 144 1.0 1–10 148 221 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 126 180 0.9 (0.6–1.2) >10 273 270 1.3 (1.0–1.8) 138 180 0.9 (0.6–1.2) Total passive smoke (h/wk) Recent None 303 398 1.0 242 316 1.0 1–10 142 167 1.2 (0.9–1.5) 95 137 0.8 (0.6–1.1) >10 99 90 1.3 (0.9–1.8) 50 61 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 10 years ago None 194 237 1.0 160 221 1.0 1–10 175 228 1.1 (0.8–1.5) 130 179 0.9 (0.6–1.2) >10 170 155 1.5 (1.1–2.0) 87 110 0.9 (0.6–1.3) 20 years ago None 115 165 1.0 119 171 1.0 1–10 165 239 1.0 (0.7–1.4) 124 170 1.0 (0.7–1.4) >10 256 244 1.5 (1.1–2.0) 135 175 1.0 (0.7–1.4) Long-term average None 93 135 1.0 92 122 1.0 1–10 315 393 1.2 (0.8–1.6) 197 284 0.8 (0.6–1.2) >10 122 113 1.4 (1.0–2.1) 83 94 1.0 (0.6–1.5) Long-term average (10 and 20 yr ago) None 95 140 1.0 99 133 1.0 1–10 232 311 1.1 (0.8–1.5) 160 231 0.8 (0.6–1.2) >10 205 195 1.5 (1.04–2.1) 114 142 0.9 (0.6–1.4) -
a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol in take, usual cigarettes smoked/day (passive smoking only), and body size.
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- Table 4
Associations between GSTM-1 and NAT2-imputed phenotype and rectal cancer in men and women
Men Women Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI)a Cases (n) Controls (n) OR (95% CI) GSTM-1 Present 230 279 1.0 167 188 1.0 Null 243 295 1.0 (0.8–1.3) 161 251 0.7 (0.6–1.0) NAT2 (acetylator status) Slow 247 306 1.0 162 214 1.0 Rapid 204 255 1.0 (0.8–1.3) 153 215 0.9 (0.7–1.3) GSTM-1/NAT2 combined Present/slow 130 148 1.0 83 87 1.0 Present/rapid 89 125 0.8 (0.6–12) 77 97 0.8 (0.5–1.2) Null/slow 117 156 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 77 123 0.6 (0.4–1.0) Null/rapid 115 127 1.0 (0.7–1.4) 76 117 0.7 (0.5–1.1) -
a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, usual number of cigarettes smoked/day, and body size.
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- Table 5
GSTM-1, NAT2-imputed phenotype, and cigarette smoking exposure and rectal cancer in men
GST present n (cases/controls) GST null n (cases/controls) GST present OR (95% CI)a GST null OR (95% CI) Cigarette smoking status Never 84/123 88/124 1.0 1.1 (0.7–1.6) Former 106/112 90/128 1.5 (1.0–2.2) 1.1 (0.7–1.6) Current (<5 yr) 39/44 63/43 1.3 (0.8–2.2) 2.0 (1.2–3.3) Pack-years smoked None 86/123 88/125 1.0 1.1 (0.7–1.6) ≤20 56/78 53/88 1.1 (0.7–1.7) 0.9 (0.6–1.4) >20 88/77 101/81 1.8 (1.2–2.8) 1.9 (1.2–2.9) Total long-term passive smoking (h/wk) None 42/59 39/54 1.0 1.0 (0.6–1.8) 1–10 95/126 104/139 1.0 (0.6–1.7) 1.0 (0.6–1.6) >10 82/82 89/91 1.3 (0.8–2.1) 1.3 (0.8–2.1) Slow acetylator Rapid acetylator Slow acetylator Rapid acetylator Cigarette smoking status Never 90/143 74/105 1.0 1.2 (0.8–1.8) Former 112/128 75/105 1.5 (1.0–2.1) 1.2 (0.8–1.8) Current (<5 yr) 44/35 53/45 2.0 (1.2–3.4) 1.7 (1.0–2.8) Pack-years smoked None 91/144 75/105 1.0 1.2 (0.8–1.8) ≤20 57/79 45/77 1.2 (0.7–1.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.5) >20 98/82 84/72 2.1 (1.4–3.2) 1.9 (1.2–3.0) Total long-term passive smoking (h/wk) None 40/65 38/48 1.0 1.3 (0.7–2.4) 1–10 100/142 90/119 1.1 (0.7–1.8) 1.2 (0.7–1.9) >10 98/89 65/77 1.7 (1.0–2.8) 1.3 (0.7–2.1) -
a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, usual number of cigarettes smoked/day (for passive smoking), and body size.
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- Table 6
Combined effect of GSTM-1 genotype and NAT2-imputed phenotype and cigarette smoking on rectal cancer risk in men
GST present NAT2 slow n (case/control) GST present NAT2 rapid n (case/control) GST null NAT2 slow n (case/control) GST null NAT2 rapid n (case/control) Cigarette smoking status Never 46/72 33/49 44/70 41/54 Former 62/57 40/53 50/71 35/51 Current (<5 yr) 22/19 15/23 22/15 38/22 OR (95% CI)a OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) Never 1.0 1.2 (0.6–2.1) 1.1 (0.6–1.8) 1.3 (0.7–2.3) Former 1.9 (1.1–3.2) 1.3 (0.7–2.3) 1.2 (0.7–3.0) 1.1 (0.6–2.1) Current (<5 yr) 1.9 (0.9–3.9) 1.0 (0.5–2.2) 2.3 (1.1–5.0) 2.5 (1.3–4.8) -
a Adjusted for age, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and body size.
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