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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention

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Research Articles

Level of Education and the Risk of Cancer in Sweden

Kari Hemminki and Xinjun Li
Kari Hemminki
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Xinjun Li
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DOI:  Published August 2003
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    Fig. 1.

    SIR for cancer in male and female university graduates at sites for which the SIR in Tables 2<$REFLINK> or 3<$REFLINK> is significant for at least one gender. ∗ shows that the 95% CIs for the SIR did not include 1.00.

Tables

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  • Table 1

    Population and cases in male and female educational groups

    EducationMenWomen
    PopulationPerson-yearsCasesPopulationPerson-yearsCases
    Less than 9 years843,53021,205,139122,771909,61523,714,365135,945
    9 years275,4647,616,72912,907349,8159,631,96927,685
    10–11 years382,54210,166,50738,484422,04811,520,23242,735
    12 years292,8657,896,53025,159122,1303,342,1148,786
    College < 3 years49,9561,319,173625861,3141,666,1686,716
    University graduate93,0152,450,64011,23463,8481,740,7736,971
    Doctorate7219185,245105483221,794119
    All1,944,59150,839,963217,8671,929,60251,637,415228,957
  • Table 2

    SIR and trend for cancer in male educational groupsa

    Cancer siteLess than 9 yearsUniversity educatedTrendPAF (%)
    ObservedSIR95%CIObservedSIR95%CIχ2P
    Upper aerodigestive tract4,5461.000.971.03334 0.60 0.54 0.67 752.41 0.00 28.1
    Salivary gland2851.000.891.12351.070.741.4913.89 0.00 14.5
    Esophagus1,4651.000.951.0596 0.53 0.43 0.65 239.27 0.00 31.1
    Stomach6,2271.000.981.03310 0.50 0.45 0.56 1,012.93 0.00 51.2
    Small intestine6251.000.921.08771.110.881.394.010.050.2
    Colon8,3371.000.981.02966 1.11 1.04 1.18 20.59 0.00 3.9
    Rectum6,1221.000.981.03536 0.83 0.76 0.91 70.56 0.00 6.3
    Anus1411.000.841.18140.790.431.3313.96 0.00 22.5
    Liver3,1981.000.971.04234 0.68 0.59 0.77 158.34 0.00 2.7
    Pancreas3,7161.000.971.03325 0.83 0.74 0.92 98.58 0.00 23.9
    Lung14,2071.000.981.02794 0.47 0.44 0.50 2,670.32 0.00 37.7
    Breast1681.000.851.1630 1.49 1.01 2.14 18.93 0.00 2.6
    Prostate29,1521.000.991.013,256 1.14 1.10 1.18 266.96 0.00 3.3
    Testis6491.000.921.08124 1.44 1.20 1.72 349.72 0.00 38.6
    Other male genitals4441.000.911.10370.740.521.0212.72 0.00 31.4
    Kidney4,8711.000.971.03416 0.79 0.71 0.87 36.69 0.00 17.9
    Urinary bladder8,9991.000.981.02845 0.85 0.79 0.91 12.65 0.00 0.1
    Melanoma3,7131.000.971.03886 1.89 1.76 2.02 2,047.73 0.00 15.4
    Skin (squamous cell)4,0101.000.971.03623 1.47 1.35 1.59 396.67 0.00 3.1
    Eye4091.000.911.10410.920.661.2520.44 0.00 18.3
    Nervous system3,7381.000.971.03493 1.12 1.03 1.23 28.48 0.00 15.5
    Thyroid gland6241.000.921.08751.150.911.4426.04 0.00 9.5
    Endocrine gland1,5741.000.951.052121.120.971.281.780.180.9
    Bone2311.000.881.14180.650.381.022.960.0955.7
    Connective tissue8531.000.931.071021.080.881.316.24 0.01 2.0
    Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma4,3701.000.971.034991.000.921.097.89 0.00 3.1
    Hodgkin’s disease6911.000.931.08750.960.761.2035.85 0.00 28.4
    Myeloma2,0191.000.961.041820.890.761.032.100.1515.3
    Leukemia3,7571.000.971.033930.960.871.0618.92 0.00 9.6
    All119,1411.000.991.0112,028 0.93 0.92 0.95 329.41 0.00 13.8b
    • a Bold type: 95% CI does not include 1.00, P < 0.05.

    • b Weighted PAF of all sites.

  • Table 3

    SIR and trend for cancer in women in educational groupsa

    Cancer siteLess than 9 yearsUniversity educatedTrendPAF (%)
    ObservedSIR95%CIObservedSIR95%CIχ2P
    Upper aerodigestive tract1,4241.000.951.0554 0.69 0.51 0.89 23.51 0.00 27.7
    Salivary gland3391.000.901.11150.840.471.394.07 0.04 11.1
    Esophagus5181.000.921.09180.800.471.2620.50 0.00 13.5
    Stomach3,7361.000.971.0385 0.57 0.45 0.70 495.94 0.00 52.8
    Small intestine5471.000.921.09240.900.571.340.260.6111.7
    Colon9,9841.000.981.02370 0.90 0.81 0.99 102.07 0.00 11.9
    Rectum4,9261.000.971.031940.920.801.0664.99 0.00 9.8
    Anus4051.000.901.109 0.41 0.18 0.77 100.80 0.00 56.1
    Liver4,5661.000.971.0393 0.52 0.42 0.64 468.80 0.00 47.2
    Pancreas3,7301.000.971.0399 0.64 0.52 0.78 113.47 0.00 10.2
    Lung6,7331.000.981.02173 0.43 0.37 0.50 1,379.10 0.00 32.8
    Breast35,3971.000.991.012,972 1.37 1.32 1.42 1,805.33 0.00 9.6
    Cervix5,4421.000.971.03162 0.43 0.37 0.51 1,793.56 0.00 52.8
    Endometrium9,1881.000.981.024841.040.951.130.160.696.3
    Uterus9861.000.941.06450.800.591.0820.19 0.00 10.1
    Ovary8,3131.000.981.02380 0.82 0.74 0.90 315.95 0.00 11.1
    Other female genitals1,1711.000.941.0632 0.58 0.40 0.82 216.32 0.00 10.1
    Kidney3,9191.000.971.03126 0.75 0.62 0.89 192.32 0.00 25.6
    Urinary bladder2,9651.000.961.04105 0.80 0.65 0.97 73.75 0.00 10.0
    Melanoma4,0381.000.971.03443 1.57 1.42 1.72 787.94 0.00 17.8
    Skin (squamous cell)2,7271.000.961.04132 1.23 1.03 1.46 106.13 0.00 3.8
    Eye3981.000.901.10221.040.651.575.43 0.02 15.3
    Nervous system4,6231.000.971.032941.060.951.1912.05 0.00 12.0
    Thyroid gland1,7831.000.951.0587 0.76 0.61 0.93 123.16 0.00 29.8
    Endocrine gland4,2491.000.971.03181 0.82 0.70 0.95 106.31 0.00 14.0
    Bone1781.000.861.16161.540.882.513.610.0640.6
    Connective tissue8331.000.931.07380.860.611.186.37 0.01 25.7
    Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma3,7791.000.971.031660.910.781.0668.43 0.00 17.4
    Hodgkin’s disease4601.000.911.10210.790.491.225.48 0.02 57.1
    Myeloma1,8291.000.951.0553 0.76 0.57 0.99 45.95 0.00 3.9
    Leukemia3,0741.000.961.04115 0.81 0.67 0.97 35.06 0.00 12.3
    All132,2601.000.991.017,0080.990.971.02372.10 0.00 16.7b
    • a Bold type: 95% CI does not include 1.00, P < 0.05.

    • b Weighted PAF of all sites.

  • Table 4

    SIR for cancer in male educational groups in different periods

    Cancer sitePeriod 1970–1984Period 1985–1998
    Less than 9 yearsUniversity educatedLess than 9 yearsUniversity educated
    ObservedSIR95%CIObservedSIR95%CIObservedSIR95%CIObservedSIR95%CI
    Upper aerodigestive tract1,9101.000.961.05117 0.59 0.49 0.70 2,6361.000.961.04217 0.61 0.53 0.70
    Salivary gland1311.000.841.19191.400.842.201541.000.851.17160.830.481.36
    Esophagus4451.000.911.1021 0.44 0.27 0.68 1,0201.000.941.0675 0.56 0.44 0.70
    Stomach2,5171.000.961.0496 0.44 0.36 0.54 3,7101.000.971.03214 0.54 0.47 0.62
    Small intestine2141.000.871.14251.160.751.724111.000.911.10521.090.811.43
    Colon2,5111.000.961.04273 1.22 1.08 1.37 5,8261.000.971.036931.070.991.15
    Rectum1,8541.000.951.05132 0.81 0.68 0.96 4,2681.000.971.03404 0.84 0.76 0.93
    Anus491.000.741.3230.520.101.54921.000.811.23110.920.451.65
    Liver9291.000.941.0769 0.77 0.60 0.98 2,2691.000.961.041.65 0.64 0.55 0.75
    Pancreas1,4271.000.951.05103 0.82 0.67 0.99 2,2891.000.961.04222 0.83 0.73 0.95
    Lung4,9421.000.971.03240 0.48 0.42 0.55 9,2651.000.981.02554 0.46 0.43 0.50
    Breast551.000.751.3061.050.382.301131.000.821.2024 1.67 1.07 2.49
    Prostate5,2921.000.971.034081.000.911.1023,8601.000.991.012,848 1.16 1.12 1.21
    Testis3831.000.901.1182 1.54 1.22 1.91 2661.000.881.13421.280.921.73
    Other male genitals1631.000.851.17150.850.471.402811.000.891.12220.680.431.03
    Kidney1,9561.000.961.05145 0.77 0.65 0.90 2,9151.000.961.04271 0.80 0.71 0.90
    Urinary bladder2,6591.000.961.042390.940.821.076,3401.000.981.02606 0.82 0.75 0.88
    Melanoma1,3921.000.951.05313 1.88 1.68 2.10 2,3211.000.961.04573 1.89 1.74 2.05
    Skin (squamous cell)7391.000.931.07102 1.54 1.26 1.87 3,2711.000.971.03521 1.45 1.33 1.58
    Eye1781.000.861.16171.020.591.642311.000.881.14240.860.551.29
    Nervous system1,6481.000.951.05206 1.21 1.05 1.38 2,0901.000.961.042871.070.951.20
    Thyroid gland2971.000.891.12391.350.961.853271.000.891.11360.990.701.38
    Endocrine gland6721.000.931.08801.080.861.359021.000.941.071321.140.951.35
    Bone1291.000.831.19130.890.471.521021.000.821.215 0.38 0.12 0.89
    Connective tissue3161.000.891.12391.140.811.575371.000.921.09631.050.801.34
    Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma1,3421.000.951.051360.970.811.153,0281.000.961.043631.010.911.12
    Hodgkin’s disease4111.000.911.10541.200.901.572801.000.891.1221 0.63 0.39 0.97
    Myeloma6361.000.921.08440.790.571.061,3831.000.951.051380.930.781.10
    Leukemia1,3881.000.951.051331.000.841.182,3691.000.961.042600.940.831.07
    All36,5851.000.991.013,169 0.91 0.88 0.94 82,5561.000.991.018,859 0.94 0.92 0.96
    • Bold type: 95% CI not include 1.00.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 12 (8)
August 2003
Volume 12, Issue 8
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Level of Education and the Risk of Cancer in Sweden
Kari Hemminki and Xinjun Li
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev August 1 2003 (12) (8) 796-802;

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